Psychology Ch 6 test

What method of learning attitudes is commonly associated with family and school environments?

• Modelling, rewards, and punishments

• Direct personal experiences

• Observational learning only

• Cultural norms

Answer explanation

The method of learning attitudes associated with family and school environments is through modelling, rewards, and punishments. These methods shape behavior by demonstrating actions and reinforcing them with consequences.

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing attitude formation mentioned in the text?

• Personal experiences

• Peer pressure

• Reference groups

• Media

Answer explanation

Peer pressure is not mentioned as a factor influencing attitude formation in the text, while personal experiences, reference groups, and media are all recognized influences.

The P-O-X triangle is used to explain which concept of attitude change?

• Cognitive dissonance

• Two-step attitude change

• Balance

• Observational learning

Answer explanation

The P-O-X triangle illustrates the concept of balance in attitudes, showing how individuals strive for consistency among their beliefs, feelings, and behaviors. Thus, the correct answer is Balance.

What condition would result in imbalance according to the P-O-X triangle?

• All three sides are negative

• Two sides are positive, and one side is negative

• All three sides are positive

• Two sides are negative, and one side is positive

Answer explanation

In the P-O-X triangle, having two sides positive and one side negative creates an imbalance, as the negative side cannot support the positive sides, leading to instability. Thus, this condition results in imbalance.

Which component of attitudes is emphasized in cognitive dissonance theory?

• Affective

• Behavioral

• Cognitive

• Cultural

Answer explanation

Cognitive dissonance theory primarily focuses on the cognitive component of attitudes, which involves beliefs and thoughts. It explains how conflicting cognitions can lead to discomfort, prompting changes in beliefs or behaviors.

How can media negatively influence attitude formation?

• By providing positive reinforcement

• By making people informed

• By promoting consumerist attitudes

• By supporting cultural norms

Answer explanation

Media can negatively influence attitude formation by promoting consumerist attitudes, which can lead to materialism and dissatisfaction, rather than fostering informed or positive perspectives.

Which example illustrates learning through personal experience?

• A person identifying with their favorite celebrity

• A driver in the army developing a positive attitude towards community upliftment

• A student learning about social harmony from textbooks

• An individual following group norms to fit in

Answer explanation

The correct choice illustrates learning through personal experience, as the driver in the army develops a positive attitude towards community upliftment based on their own experiences, unlike the other options which rely on external influences.

What is the first step in the two-step concept of attitude change proposed by S.M. Mohsin?

• Identification with the source

• Observational learning

• Cognitive alignment

• Mutual disregard

Answer explanation

The first step in S.M. Mohsin's two-step concept of attitude change is 'Identification with the source.' This involves individuals relating to or aligning themselves with the source of the message, which is crucial for effective attitude change.

Which process requires resolving discomfort between conflicting cognitions?

• Observational learning

• Cognitive dissonance

• Balance theory

• Group norm adaptation

Answer explanation

Cognitive dissonance is the process of resolving discomfort that arises from holding conflicting cognitions. It involves adjusting beliefs or behaviors to reduce the tension caused by these contradictions.

What strengthens the cognitive and affective components of attitudes as per the text?

• Family influences

• Textbooks and media

• Direct personal experiences

• Peer interactions

Answer explanation

Textbooks and media play a crucial role in shaping attitudes by providing information and perspectives that enhance both cognitive understanding and emotional responses, thus strengthening the overall attitude.