3.13: Affirmative Action

What is the primary purpose of affirmative action as described in the text?

• To eliminate all forms of discrimination
• To diversify institutions by race and gender
• To create quotas for minority admissions
• To ensure equal treatment for all applicants

Which president issued an executive order to create the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity?

• President Johnson
• President Kennedy
• President Nixon
• President Obama

What was the outcome of the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case?

• Quotas were deemed constitutional
• Affirmative action was banned entirely
• Mandatory quotas were ruled unconstitutional
• All admissions policies were struck down

What did President Johnson argue regarding equality in his speech at Howard University?

• Equality can be achieved through colorblind policies
• Affirmative action is unnecessary
• True equality requires proactive measures to assist the disadvantaged
• Discrimination is no longer a significant issue

In the context of affirmative action, what do the terms 'targets' and 'quotas' refer to?

• Goals for hiring and admissions
• Legal definitions of discrimination
• Government regulations on employment
• Statistical analyses of racial demographics

How did the Supreme Court's ruling in the University of Michigan cases differ between undergraduate and law school admissions?

• Both were upheld
• Undergraduate quotas were upheld, law school quotas were not
• Law school admissions were upheld, undergraduate quotas were not
• Neither were upheld

What does the term 'reverse discrimination' refer to in the context of affirmative action?

• Discrimination against minority groups
• Discrimination against majority groups
• Discrimination based on gender
• Discrimination in hiring practices

Which of the following statements reflects the Supreme Court's stance on affirmative action after the Bakke decision?

• Affirmative action is unconstitutional
• Affirmative action is permissible under certain conditions
• All forms of affirmative action are banned
• Affirmative action must include quotas

What was a significant outcome of the 2016 Supreme Court ruling regarding race-based admissions at the University of Texas?

• It banned all race-based admissions
• It upheld race-based admissions under strict scrutiny
• It mandated quotas for minority admissions
• It required equal treatment for all applicants

What did Chief Justice Roberts state about race-based programs in the 2023 Supreme Court ruling?

• They are necessary for equality
• They lack measurable objectives and involve racial stereotyping
• They are beneficial for society
• They promote diversity effectively