What does the term 'cognition' refer to?

• The study of brain structures

• Internal states, thoughts, and episodes occurring within an observer

• Observable behaviors only

• The connection between neurons

Which philosopher is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa'?

• Descartes

• Aristotle

• Watson

• Skinner

What is Descartes' theory of dualism?

• The mind and body are separate but interact

• The mind and body are the same

• The body controls the mind

• All behavior is a result of environmental stimuli

Which of the following best describes Watson’s behaviorism?

• It focuses only on observable behavior and ignores the mind

• It emphasizes the importance of introspection

• It focuses on mental processes rather than behavior

• It suggests that mental processes can be directly observed

Which type of conditioning involves eliciting a conditioned response from a conditioned stimulus?

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Observational learning

• Cognitive learning

In Watson & Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, what emotion was conditioned?

• Fear

• Joy

• Surprise

• Happiness

Which type of conditioning involves shaping behavior using rewards and punishments?

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Observational learning

• Vicarious reinforcement

What principle did Chomsky propose regarding language?

• Language is learned through conditioning

• Language is an innate ability

• Language is a social construct

• Language is learned through imitation

Language development is influenced by which of the following?

• Inborn biology

• The environment only

• Reinforcement

• Cognitive processes

The cognitive cone suggests that:

• Lower-level functions are dependent on higher-level functions

• The mind is not involved in processing information

• Higher-level functions control sensory perception

• Cognitive functions operate independently