Ethical considerations: psychology of human relationships

What is the primary ethical principle regarding participants' involvement in research?

• Participation is mandatory for all individuals in the sample

• Participation must be voluntary and informed

• Researchers can coerce participants if the study is significant

• Participants must remain anonymous at all costs

Why is informed consent particularly important in studies conducted by individuals with a prior relationship to participants (e.g., professors)?

• To ensure the participants feel obligated to take part

• To avoid conflicts of interest

• To prevent participation motivated by feelings of obligation

• To simplify data analysis

In the study by Flook et al. (2015), how was informed consent obtained for child participants?

• Both parents and children provided consent

• Only the children decided whether to participate

• Consent was not obtained due to the study's low risk

• Only parents gave consent

What is a key challenge associated with using deception in research studies?

• Deception is never allowed under ethical guidelines

• It is difficult to recruit participants for studies involving deception

• Deception can harm participants emotionally or psychologically

• Deception makes data analysis invalid

Why might psychological harm occur during interviews on sensitive topics?

• Participants may regret sharing private information

• Interviews lack empathy from the researcher

• Participants are forced to answer sensitive questions

• Researchers counsel participants, leading to dependency

What measures should researchers take to protect participants from harm in sensitive studies?

• Avoid sensitive questions altogether

• Counsel participants on sensitive matters

• Stop the study immediately if discomfort arises

• Approach topics directly and provide resources for help if needed

What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality in research?

• Anonymity ensures participants’ names are published; confidentiality ensures privacy

• Anonymity hides participants’ identities; confidentiality ensures data is private

• Anonymity protects the data; confidentiality protects the participant's identity

• There is no difference; they are the same concept

What should researchers do with recorded data after transcription?

• Share it openly for transparency

• Destroy it to ensure anonymity

• Publish it with participants' consent

• Archive it indefinitely for future use

What ethical challenge arises in case studies with a small number of participants?

• Participants may feel coerced to participate

• It is difficult to obtain enough data

• Small sample sizes invalidate results

• Participants may be identifiable in reports

Which of the following is an ethical concern related to research that manipulates participants' self-esteem?

• 
  Avoiding the use of confederates in studies

• Guaranteeing all participants are fully debriefed before the study

• The potential for long-term psychological harm

• Ensuring accurate feedback is always given