Period 2 WHAP review

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was

• the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas

• the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network

• bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners

• the demand for weapons among African elites

The trend shown on the graph on the left is best explained by 

• growth of silver mining in New Spain

• industrialized textile mills’ demand for raw cotton

• increased production of cash crops like sugar

• African slave-trading kingdoms’ demand for European trade goods

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God.’ But I am correct, the Pope is wrong. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to

• reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

• demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God

• encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence

• promote religious war against fellow Christians

Portuguese Ivory Plaque

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that

• salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth

• Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

• because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation

• Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him

Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown below?

• World climate changes

• Disease diffusion

• Democratization

• Westernization

Which of the following aspects of the Map can best be used to support the claim that a truly global trading system developed during the period from 1450 to 1750 ?

• Extensive overland trade routes in Eurasia

• The existence of Mediterranean trade routes connecting Europe, Asia and Africa

• The continued presence of multiple long-distance trade routes to India

• Trade routes extending east and west from Eurasia toward the Americas