Honors Chemistry Final Exam Review Game

In which state of matter do the atoms and molecules have the least kinetic energy?

• in a gas

• in a solid

• in a liquid

• in plasma

Answer explanation

In a solid, atoms and molecules are closely packed and vibrate in fixed positions, resulting in the least kinetic energy compared to gases, liquids, and plasma, where particles move more freely and energetically.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-2

What happens to the molecules of a gas when the gas is heated?

• The average speed of the molecules increases.

• The gas becomes a liquid.

• The molecules collide less frequently.

• No change occurs with regard to the molecules.

Answer explanation

When a gas is heated, the energy of the molecules increases, leading to an increase in their average speed. This results in more frequent and energetic collisions, not a decrease or a phase change.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-4

Using the specific heats of the rock and the water, Lydia calculates that the final temperature of the water and the rock will be 28°C. After she lets the rock sit in the water for 15 minutes, the temperature of the water and the rock are both 26°C. Which statement BEST describes why Lydia's calculation and the temperature of the water and rock after 15 minutes are not the same?

• More thermal energy was absorbed by the water than expected.

• More thermal energy was absorbed by the rock than expected.

• Some of the thermal energy was transferred to the surroundings.

• Some of the thermal energy was absorbed from the surroundings.

Answer explanation

Lydia's calculation assumed no heat loss, but after 15 minutes, the temperatures were lower than expected. This indicates that some thermal energy was transferred to the surroundings, leading to the discrepancy.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-1

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

Which expression can be used to calculate the change in thermal energy that occurred in the cadmium metal sample?

• (58.95 g)(0.23 J/g°C)(25.0°C - 100.0°C)

• (58.95 g)(4.18 J/g°C)(25.0°C - 22.0°C)

• (58.95 g)(0.23 J/g°C)(25.0°C - 22.0°C)

• (58.95 g)(4.18 J/g°C)(25.0°C - 100.0°C)

Answer explanation

The correct expressions use the specific heat capacity of cadmium (0.23 J/g°C) and the temperature change from 100.0°C to 25.0°C, or the specific heat of water (4.18 J/g°C) for a different context, but both involve the same temperature change.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-1

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

The temperature of a 6.0 g sample of glass changed from 20.0°C to 45.0°C when it absorbed 550 J of heat. What is the specific heat of this glass?

• 0.27 J/g °C

• 3.7 J/g °C

• 130 J/g °C

• 2300 J/g °C

Answer explanation

To find the specific heat (c), use the formula: c = Q / (m * ΔT). Here, Q = 550 J, m = 6.0 g, and ΔT = 45.0°C - 20.0°C = 25.0°C. Thus, c = 550 J / (6.0 g * 25.0°C) = 0.27 J/g °C.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

As the temperature of a gas increases at constant pressure, the volume of the gas

• increases, then decreases.

• decreases.

• increases.

• remains the same.

Answer explanation

According to Charles's Law, at constant pressure, the volume of a gas increases as its temperature increases. Therefore, the correct answer is C. increases.

Which of the following conclusions was a direct result of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

• An atom is composed of at least three types of subatomic particles.

• An electron has a positive charge and is located inside the nucleus.

• An electron has properties of both waves and particles.

• An atom is mostly empty space with a dense, positively charged nucleus.

Answer explanation

The gold foil experiment demonstrated that most of an atom's volume is empty space, with a small, dense nucleus that is positively charged, leading to the conclusion that atoms are structured this way.

An atom is a small building block that forms matter. Many different models of an atom have been made. Which of the following is NOT a reason why so many models of the atom have been made?

• The atom has changed over the years.

• New information led to new explanations.

• Scientists questioned each other's work.

• New equipment allowed for new discoveries.

Answer explanation

The correct choice is 'The atom has changed over the years.' This is not a reason for multiple models; rather, models evolve due to new discoveries, information, and scientific debate, not because the atom itself changes.

What is the significance of the organization of the periodic table?

• It arranges elements by increasing atomic number and groups them by similar chemical properties.

• It organizes elements alphabetically by their names.

• It lists elements based on their discovery date.

• It categorizes elements by their physical state at room temperature.

Answer explanation

The periodic table is significant because it arranges elements by increasing atomic number, which reflects their structure, and groups them by similar chemical properties, aiding in understanding their behavior and relationships.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-1

The position of an element in the periodic table can help predict its properties. Which of the following properties is most directly influenced by an element's position in the periodic table?

• Color

• Density

• Reactivity

• Melting point

Answer explanation

Reactivity is most directly influenced by an element's position in the periodic table, as it relates to the arrangement of electrons and the tendency to gain or lose them during chemical reactions.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-1

NGSS.HS-PS1-2