AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review

Which research method involves manipulating variables to determine cause and effect?

• Survey

• Experiment

• Longitudinal study

• Ethnography

Jackson and Ava are participating in a study to determine the effects of changing bedtime on sleep quality. What is the independent variable in this study?

• The age range of participants

• The gradual bedtime change

• The participants normal sleep cycle

• The consent given by the participants

Ethan is conducting a study on the effects of screen time on sleep quality. Which of the following would be considered a confounding variable in this study?

• The amount of time participants spend on screens before bedtime.

• The control group’s normal sleep cycle.

• The gradual adjustment of bedtime in the experimental group.

• The researchers’ explanation of the study’s purpose after completion.

Charlotte is conducting an experiment to see how different beverages affect study performance. Which of the following is the operational definition of the dependent variable?

• A cup of coffee

• A cup of water

• Test scores on course material

• Focus and attention

After conducting a study, Dr. Smith claimed he knew all along that students who slept more performed better on exams, despite not predicting this outcome initially. What cognitive bias is Dr. Smith exhibiting?

• Experimenter bias

• Hindsight bias

• Confirmation bias

• Placebo Effect

What does it mean if a study finds a statistically significant correlation between stress and health outcomes?

• The correlation is strong enough to confirm a direct cause.

• The observed correlation is unlikely to be due to random chance.

• The study's methodology eliminates the influence of all other factors.

• The study conclusively demonstrates that stress leads to health issues.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about neurotransmitters?

• Serotonin is primarily involved in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.

• Endorphins are neurotransmitters that are linked to pain relief and feelings of pleasure.

• Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is mainly associated with sleep regulation.

• Glutamate is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity in the brain.

While chopping vegetables, Jamie accidentally cuts their finger and quickly withdraws their hand. Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for Jamie's quick withdrawal of their hand?

• Somatic Nervous System

• Autonomic Nervous System

• Central Nervous System

• Sympathetic Nervous System

During a biology class, Mia accidentally touches a hot stove and quickly pulls her hand back. Which of the following concepts would be most associated with this reaction?

• The Reflex Arc

• Digestion

• Fight or Flight

• Endocrine System

What is an example of using metacognitive skills?

• Memorizing a list of vocabulary words for a test.

• Evaluating which study methods help you remember historical dates best.

• Reading a novel quickly to finish it in one day.

• Identifying the functions of different brain regions.