Trauma and Its Effects

What characterizes 'big T' trauma?

• It is related to chronic stress.

• It concerns catastrophic events.

• It does not directly threaten life.

• It occurs only at key stages of development.

What event can be classified as 'small t' trauma?

• Natural disaster.

• Warfare.

• Humiliation.

• Serious accident.

What are flashbacks in the context of trauma?

• Permanent changes in cognitive schemas.

• Memories in the form of vivid emotions and sensory images.

• Chronic stress leading to fragmented memories.

• The ability to verbalize traumatic experiences.

How are 'small t' traumas characterized in terms of memory?

• Memories are strongly emotionally charged.

• Memories are fragmented and distorted.

• Memory retains images and sensory impressions.

• Activity of the amygdala predominates.

Which brain structures play a key role in processing memories related to 'big T' trauma?

• Hippocampus and amygdala.

• Brainstem and frontal lobe.

• Amygdala and prefrontal cortex.

• Hippocampus and temporal lobe.

How does EMDR therapy help in the case of 'big T' trauma?

• Improves stress coping ability.

• Builds new cognitive schemas.

• Supports integration of fragmented memories.

• Reduces chronic stress.

Which of the following factors most increases the likelihood that an event will be considered traumatic?

• High predictability of the event.

• Presence of social support.

• Suddenness and lack of avoidance options.

• Low emotional intensity.

What are the potential effects of the long-term impact of 'small t' trauma on an individual?

• Flashbacks and somatic reactions.

• Distortions in sensory images.

• Lowered self-esteem and difficulties in relationships.

• Sudden feelings of mortal fear.

Why does chronic stress affect the functioning of the hippocampus in 'small t' traumas?

• Causes excessive activity of the limbic system.

• Hinders memory and emotional processing.

• Increases the intensity of memories.

• Facilitates verbalization of experiences.

How does 'big T' trauma affect the ability to create a narrative form of memories?

• Facilitates verbalization of emotions.

• Causes dominance of explicit memory over implicit.

• Hinders integration of experiences with autobiography.

• Increases the ability to process emotions.