ағылшын 150

How are English relative clauses (who, which, that) commonly handled in languages with no relative pronouns?

• By restructuring the sentence

• Sentences are restructured to express the same meaning.

• Languages without relative pronouns change the sentence structure.

• Relative clauses are replaced by rephrased sentences.

What grammatical substitution is often used when translating English phrasal verbs (e.g., look up, put off) into languages without phrasal verb equivalents?

• Use of a single verb

• Phrasal verbs are replaced with a single verb.

• A single equivalent verb substitutes the phrasal verb.

• One verb is used to convey the meaning of the phrasal verb.

When translating English possessive pronouns into languages with more complex agreement systems, what substitution is typically required?

• Agreement in gender and number

• Possessive pronouns are translated with gender and number agreement.

• Agreement in both gender and number is required.

• The possessive form changes to match gender and number.

In languages that have no future tense, how are English future tense verbs often translated?

• Use of present tense with time markers

• The present tense is used along with time indicators to express future meaning.

• Future tense verbs are replaced with the present tense combined with specific time expressions.

• The present tense and contextual time markers convey the future tense meaning.

How are English conjunctions (and, but, or) commonly substituted in languages that use more complex sentence structures?

• Use of different subordinating conjunctions

• They are handled by restructuring the sentence.

• The sentence is rewritten without using relative pronouns.

• The meaning of the relative clause is expressed in a separate sentence.

How is the English progressive aspect (e.g., «is working») often translated into languages without a progressive form?

• Use of simple present or past tense

• They are handled by restructuring the sentence.

• Sentences are restructured to express the same meaning.

• Languages without relative pronouns change the sentence structure.

What substitution is often made when translating English conditional sentences (if…then) into languages with different conditional structures?

• Rewriting with subjunctive or imperative forms

• Relative clauses are replaced by rephrased sentences.

• A single verb is used instead of the phrasal verb.

• Phrasal verbs are replaced with a single verb.

How are English prepositional phrases (e.g., in, on, at) typically translated into languages that lack prepositions?

• Use of case endings or particles

• Progressive meaning is expressed using the simple tense.

• Simple tenses replace the progressive form.

• The action is described with the present or past tense.

When translating English adjectives used as nouns (e.g., the rich, the poor), how is this often handled in languages that don’t allow adjectives to function as nouns?

• Use of a noun with an adjective

• A single equivalent verb substitutes the phrasal verb.

• One verb is used to convey the meaning of the phrasal verb.

• Gender and number agreement is applied.

How are English negative questions (e.g., “Don’t you know?”) typically translated into languages without negative question forms?

• Reworded as a positive question

• Possessive pronouns are translated with gender and number agreement.

• Agreement in both gender and number is required.

• The possessive form changes to match gender and number.