The struggle between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII revolved around the question of who had the right to

• select a successor to the Holy Roman emperor.
• appoint bishops in the Holy Roman Empire.
• serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church.
• grant fiefs to Catholic bishops.

When the Pope excommunicated Henry IV, it meant that the emperor

• was no longer considered part of the Church.
• lost his throne.
• would be put to death by the papal court.
• had to give up his property and land.

The Ottonian kings claimed to be successors to

• the pope.
• the Roman emperors.
• the Byzantine emperors.
• Henry IV.

The Concordat of Worms was a compromise that allowed Holy Roman emperors to

• appoint Church officials.
• name their own successors.
• create a Christian empire.
• grant fiefs to bishops.

The monarchy in France was made strong by

• Henry IV.
• Otto the Great.
• Philip II.
• Gregory.

Why did conflict arise between Henry II and Thomas Becket?

• Henry refused to appoint Becket as archbishop of England.
• Henry resisted the Norman invasion of England.
• Becket refused to recognize Henry as king.
• Becket supported the authority of the Church over the monarchy.

The Magna Carta was intended to protect the rights of

• the king of England.
• the English barons.
• the Catholic Church.
• all English citizens.

English common law developed from

• actions of Parliament.
• decrees of English monarchs.
• custom and judges’ decisions.
• Roman law.

A writ of habeas corpus protects people from

• cruel and unusual punishment.
• unfair taxation and seizure of property.
• secret arrest and imprisonment.
• trial by jury.

Under English law, a writ is issued by

• the monarch.
• Parliament.
• the Church.
• a court of law.