Cytology and Histology Final Questions

What structural feature in animal cells compensates for the lack of cell walls?

• Architecture cytoskeleton supports the large cytoplasmic volume

• Cell membrane maintains cell shape and structure

• Chromosomes organize genetic material

• Central vacuole stores water and nutrients

A structure of typical microtubule consist of how many subunits?

• Four

• Two

• Seven

• Eight

Which type of the protein filaments functions in enabling cells to withstand the mechanical stress?

• Actin filaments

• Intermediate filaments

• Microtubules

• All of them

Disruption of the microtubule organisation most likely affects which part of the mitosis?

• Cytokinesis

• Spindle formation

• Nuclear envelope breakdown

• Chromatid cohesion

Microtubules can form rhythmically beating hairlike structures. Which of the sentences is true about the cilia and flagella?

• Cilia moves fluid over the surface of a cell while flagella moves the entire cell

• Flagella is shorter than the cilia

• The microtubules in cilia and flagella are similar with cytoplasmic microtubules

• All of the above

Which of the following conditions lead to rapid growth of actin filaments, adding monomers at both ends?

• Concentration of free actin monomers is very high

• Actin-binding proteins’ inhibition

• Presence of severing proteins that destabilize the filament

• Low concentration of ATP-actin monomers

In a disease where microtubules are depolymerised, intracellular transport would be ___

• Stopped completely

• Working only in the nucleus

• Enhanced

• Disrupted or slowed

Mutant form of keratin makes the skin more prone to blistering, a disease called Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. How this mutant gene works to disrupt the normal keratin protein?

• Blocks the interaction between keratin and other cytoskeletal proteins

• Promotes the breakdown of collagen in the skin

• Prevents the assembly of normal keratins

• Assembles with the normal keratin, disrupting the keratin filament network in the skin

Which of these structures you are most likely to compare with given example: 'Imagine a fisherman casting a fishing line into the water. If there is no fish at the end of the line, the line is quickly reeled back in, and a new cast is made. However, if a fish bites, the line remains in place, keeping the fish tethered to the fisherman.'?

• Actin monomers

• Kinesin protein

• Nucleus

• Centrosome

A patient is diagnosed with a rare disease that affects the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, specifically interfering with the polymerization of actin filaments at the cell membrane. The disease causes difficulties in wound healing, immune response, and cell movement. If researchers develop a therapeutic approach to enhance the nucleation of actin filaments, what would be the most likely outcome at the cellular level, and how could this intervention impact the patient’s condition?

• The enhancement of actin polymerization at the cell membrane would likely improve cellular protrusions, leading to faster migration and healing

• Enhancing actin polymerisation would cause excessive cell movement, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and potentially worsening the patient’s condition

• Intervention would have no effect on the patient’s condition, as actin polymerization is not involved in wound healing or immune responses

• Enhancing actin polymerisation would only impact muscle cells, making it irrelevant for treating the disease in other cell types