1. The contributions of women to the field of science have often been overlooked or minimized throughout history, but their impact is undeniable. [I] Despite these obstacles, many women persevered and broke through, making groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the world. [II] From medicine and astronomy to computer science and physics, women have enriched every scientific discipline. [III] Rectifying this historical imbalance requires acknowledging their achievements and inspiring future generations of female scientists. [IV] 2. A prime example of this historical oversight is Rosalind Franklin, whose work was crucial to understanding the structure of DNA. Her X-ray diffraction images of DNA provided critical evidence for the double helix model, a discovery credited to Watson and Crick. This contribution, though initially minimized, has since been recognized as instrumental in one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the often-uncredited work of women in science. 3. Across diverse scientific fields, the impact of women is evident. Marie Curie, a pioneering physicist and chemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her work, conducted alongside her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, and earned her two Nobel Prizes, making her the first person and the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields. This double-recognition cemented her place as a leading figure in the scientific world. Barbara McClintock, a renowned cytogeneticist, revolutionized our understanding of genetics through her discovery of “jumping genes” or transposons, mobile genetic elements that can move around within a genome. These examples are just a glimpse into the vast and varied contributions women have made to scientific progress. 4. The continued underrepresentation of women in STEM fields remains a challenge. Encouraging young girls to pursue scientific interests through mentorship programs, scholarships, and highlighting the achievements of female scientists are crucial steps towards a more inclusive and equitable scientific community. By fostering a supportive and encouraging environment, we can ensure that the next generation of scientists benefits from the diverse perspectives and talents of all individuals, leading to even more innovative and impactful discoveries. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a contribution of Rosalind Franklin?

Discovering the double helix model

Providing key evidence for DNA structure

1. The contributions of women to the field of science have often been overlooked or minimized throughout history, but their impact is undeniable. [I] Despite these obstacles, many women persevered and broke through, making groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the world. [II] From medicine and astronomy to computer science and physics, women have enriched every scientific discipline. [III] Rectifying this historical imbalance requires acknowledging their achievements and inspiring future generations of female scientists. [IV] 2. A prime example of this historical oversight is Rosalind Franklin, whose work was crucial to understanding the structure of DNA. Her X-ray diffraction images of DNA provided critical evidence for the double helix model, a discovery credited to Watson and Crick. This contribution, though initially minimized, has since been recognized as instrumental in one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the often-uncredited work of women in science. 3. Across diverse scientific fields, the impact of women is evident. Marie Curie, a pioneering physicist and chemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her work, conducted alongside her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, and earned her two Nobel Prizes, making her the first person and the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields. This double-recognition cemented her place as a leading figure in the scientific world. Barbara McClintock, a renowned cytogeneticist, revolutionized our understanding of genetics through her discovery of “jumping genes” or transposons, mobile genetic elements that can move around within a genome. These examples are just a glimpse into the vast and varied contributions women have made to scientific progress. 4. The continued underrepresentation of women in STEM fields remains a challenge. Encouraging young girls to pursue scientific interests through mentorship programs, scholarships, and highlighting the achievements of female scientists are crucial steps towards a more inclusive and equitable scientific community. By fostering a supportive and encouraging environment, we can ensure that the next generation of scientists benefits from the diverse perspectives and talents of all individuals, leading to even more innovative and impactful discoveries. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

Paragraph 3 highlights the significant contributions of women like Marie Curie and Barbara McClintock to various scientific fields.

Paragraph 3 explains the detailed process of discovering new elements and genetic components.

Paragraph 3 focuses on the difficulties faced by women in science and their limited achievements.

Paragraph 3 primarily discusses the importance of winning Nobel Prizes in different scientific fields.

1. The contributions of women to the field of science have often been overlooked or minimized throughout history, but their impact is undeniable. [I] Despite these obstacles, many women persevered and broke through, making groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the world. [II] From medicine and astronomy to computer science and physics, women have enriched every scientific discipline. [III] Rectifying this historical imbalance requires acknowledging their achievements and inspiring future generations of female scientists. [IV] 2. A prime example of this historical oversight is Rosalind Franklin, whose work was crucial to understanding the structure of DNA. Her X-ray diffraction images of DNA provided critical evidence for the double helix model, a discovery credited to Watson and Crick. This contribution, though initially minimized, has since been recognized as instrumental in one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the often-uncredited work of women in science. 3. Across diverse scientific fields, the impact of women is evident. Marie Curie, a pioneering physicist and chemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her work, conducted alongside her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, and earned her two Nobel Prizes, making her the first person and the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields. This double-recognition cemented her place as a leading figure in the scientific world. Barbara McClintock, a renowned cytogeneticist, revolutionized our understanding of genetics through her discovery of “jumping genes” or transposons, mobile genetic elements that can move around within a genome. These examples are just a glimpse into the vast and varied contributions women have made to scientific progress. 4. The continued underrepresentation of women in STEM fields remains a challenge. Encouraging young girls to pursue scientific interests through mentorship programs, scholarships, and highlighting the achievements of female scientists are crucial steps towards a more inclusive and equitable scientific community. By fostering a supportive and encouraging environment, we can ensure that the next generation of scientists benefits from the diverse perspectives and talents of all individuals, leading to even more innovative and impactful discoveries. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Women have made substantial contributions to a variety of scientific fields.

Marie Curie's work was solely focused on discovering new elements.

Women scientists have always received full recognition for their discoveries.

Encouraging girls in STEM is unnecessary for scientific advancement.

1. The contributions of women to the field of science have often been overlooked or minimized throughout history, but their impact is undeniable. [I] Despite these obstacles, many women persevered and broke through, making groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the world. [II] From medicine and astronomy to computer science and physics, women have enriched every scientific discipline. [III] Rectifying this historical imbalance requires acknowledging their achievements and inspiring future generations of female scientists. [IV] 2. A prime example of this historical oversight is Rosalind Franklin, whose work was crucial to understanding the structure of DNA. Her X-ray diffraction images of DNA provided critical evidence for the double helix model, a discovery credited to Watson and Crick. This contribution, though initially minimized, has since been recognized as instrumental in one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the often-uncredited work of women in science. 3. Across diverse scientific fields, the impact of women is evident. Marie Curie, a pioneering physicist and chemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her work, conducted alongside her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, and earned her two Nobel Prizes, making her the first person and the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields. This double-recognition cemented her place as a leading figure in the scientific world. Barbara McClintock, a renowned cytogeneticist, revolutionized our understanding of genetics through her discovery of “jumping genes” or transposons, mobile genetic elements that can move around within a genome. These examples are just a glimpse into the vast and varied contributions women have made to scientific progress. 4. The continued underrepresentation of women in STEM fields remains a challenge. Encouraging young girls to pursue scientific interests through mentorship programs, scholarships, and highlighting the achievements of female scientists are crucial steps towards a more inclusive and equitable scientific community. By fostering a supportive and encouraging environment, we can ensure that the next generation of scientists benefits from the diverse perspectives and talents of all individuals, leading to even more innovative and impactful discoveries. Which of the following best paraphrases the first sentence in paragraph 4?

The ongoing lack of female representation in STEM fields poses a significant issue.

The continuing absence of women in STEM jobs is quite alarming.

The persistent scarcity of women in STEM careers is a real concern.

The sustained deficiency of females in STEM positions is substantial.

1. The contributions of women to the field of science have often been overlooked or minimized throughout history, but their impact is undeniable. [I] Despite these obstacles, many women persevered and broke through, making groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the world. [II] From medicine and astronomy to computer science and physics, women have enriched every scientific discipline. [III] Rectifying this historical imbalance requires acknowledging their achievements and inspiring future generations of female scientists. [IV] 2. A prime example of this historical oversight is Rosalind Franklin, whose work was crucial to understanding the structure of DNA. Her X-ray diffraction images of DNA provided critical evidence for the double helix model, a discovery credited to Watson and Crick. This contribution, though initially minimized, has since been recognized as instrumental in one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the often-uncredited work of women in science. 3. Across diverse scientific fields, the impact of women is evident. Marie Curie, a pioneering physicist and chemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her work, conducted alongside her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, and earned her two Nobel Prizes, making her the first person and the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields. This double-recognition cemented her place as a leading figure in the scientific world. Barbara McClintock, a renowned cytogeneticist, revolutionized our understanding of genetics through her discovery of “jumping genes” or transposons, mobile genetic elements that can move around within a genome. These examples are just a glimpse into the vast and varied contributions women have made to scientific progress. 4. The continued underrepresentation of women in STEM fields remains a challenge. Encouraging young girls to pursue scientific interests through mentorship programs, scholarships, and highlighting the achievements of female scientists are crucial steps towards a more inclusive and equitable scientific community. By fostering a supportive and encouraging environment, we can ensure that the next generation of scientists benefits from the diverse perspectives and talents of all individuals, leading to even more innovative and impactful discoveries. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Greater diversity in science can lead to more groundbreaking scientific discoveries.

Winning a Nobel Prize is the primary measure of success for women in science.

Historical biases against women have been completely eradicated in scientific fields.

Women scientists primarily collaborate with their husbands in research.

1. The contributions of women to the field of science have often been overlooked or minimized throughout history, but their impact is undeniable. [I] Despite these obstacles, many women persevered and broke through, making groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the world. [II] From medicine and astronomy to computer science and physics, women have enriched every scientific discipline. [III] Rectifying this historical imbalance requires acknowledging their achievements and inspiring future generations of female scientists. [IV] 2. A prime example of this historical oversight is Rosalind Franklin, whose work was crucial to understanding the structure of DNA. Her X-ray diffraction images of DNA provided critical evidence for the double helix model, a discovery credited to Watson and Crick. This contribution, though initially minimized, has since been recognized as instrumental in one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the often-uncredited work of women in science. 3. Across diverse scientific fields, the impact of women is evident. Marie Curie, a pioneering physicist and chemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her work, conducted alongside her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, and earned her two Nobel Prizes, making her the first person and the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields. This double-recognition cemented her place as a leading figure in the scientific world. Barbara McClintock, a renowned cytogeneticist, revolutionized our understanding of genetics through her discovery of “jumping genes” or transposons, mobile genetic elements that can move around within a genome. These examples are just a glimpse into the vast and varied contributions women have made to scientific progress. 4. The continued underrepresentation of women in STEM fields remains a challenge. Encouraging young girls to pursue scientific interests through mentorship programs, scholarships, and highlighting the achievements of female scientists are crucial steps towards a more inclusive and equitable scientific community. By fostering a supportive and encouraging environment, we can ensure that the next generation of scientists benefits from the diverse perspectives and talents of all individuals, leading to even more innovative and impactful discoveries. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

Despite historical underrepresentation and lack of recognition, women have made invaluable contributions to science across various disciplines, and encouraging female participation in STEM is crucial for future scientific progress.

The passage details the struggles faced by women like Rosalind Franklin and Marie Curie, emphasizing the need for more women to win Nobel Prizes in scientific fields.

Women have significantly advanced scientific knowledge, exemplified by figures like Marie Curie and Barbara McClintock, but their contributions remain largely unacknowledged.

While women's contributions to science are undeniable, their lack of recognition highlights ongoing gender bias, requiring increased support and opportunities in STEM.

1. Vietnamese cultural identity is a rich and intricate tapestry that reflects the nation's long and storied history. Rooted in over a thousand years of civilization, Vietnam's cultural identity is a fusion of indigenous traditions and external influences, shaped by its geographical location and historical interactions. 2. First and foremost, at the heart of Vietnamese culture is a deep reverence for family and community. Confucian values emphasizing respect for elders, filial piety, and social harmony have played a pivotal role in shaping Vietnamese society. These values are reflected in the close-knit family structures, hierarchical relationships, and communal rituals that are integral to daily life. 3. Secondly, Vietnamese cuisine is celebrated worldwide for its exquisite flavors and diversity. With its emphasis on fresh ingredients, fragrant herbs, and balanced flavors, Vietnamese food tells a story of the country's agricultural heritage and regional variations. Iconic dishes like pho, banh mi, and spring rolls have become global favorites, representing the culinary artistry deeply ingrained in Vietnamese culture. Also, Vietnam's artistic expressions are equally captivating. Traditional art forms like water puppetry, silk painting, and folk music continue to thrive alongside contemporary artistic movements. Áo dài, a graceful traditional dress, exemplifies the fusion of elegance and modesty in Vietnamese fashion, symbolizing cultural pride and identity. 4. Today, in the face of modernization and globalization, Vietnamese cultural identity remains resilient. While adapting to the challenges of the 21st century, the Vietnamese people continue to honor their traditions, celebrate their unique cultural expressions, and pass on their heritage to future generations, ensuring that their cultural identity remains vibrant and enduring. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Known as a traditional dress, the áo dài beautifully combines elegance (1) with symbol of Vietnam's cultural identity and pride.

The graceful áo dài, a traditional Vietnamese attire, signifies the blend of elegance and restraint, illustrating the pride and identity of Vietnamese culture.

The áo dài, known for its elegance and modesty, represents a blend of Vietnamese fashion that embodies cultural identity and pride.

As a traditional dress, the áo dài reflects the combination of sophistication and simplicity in Vietnamese fashion, representing the nation's cultural values.

1. Vietnamese cultural identity is a rich and intricate tapestry that reflects the nation's long and storied history. Rooted in over a thousand years of civilization, Vietnam's cultural identity is a fusion of indigenous traditions and external influences, shaped by its geographical location and historical interactions. 2. First and foremost, at the heart of Vietnamese culture is a deep reverence for family and community. Confucian values emphasizing respect for elders, filial piety, and social harmony have played a pivotal role in shaping Vietnamese society. These values are reflected in the close-knit family structures, hierarchical relationships, and communal rituals that are integral to daily life. 3. Secondly, Vietnamese cuisine is celebrated worldwide for its exquisite flavors and diversity. With its emphasis on fresh ingredients, fragrant herbs, and balanced flavors, Vietnamese food tells a story of the country's agricultural heritage and regional variations. Iconic dishes like pho, banh mi, and spring rolls have become global favorites, representing the culinary artistry deeply ingrained in Vietnamese culture. Also, Vietnam's artistic expressions are equally captivating. Traditional art forms like water puppetry, silk painting, and folk music continue to thrive alongside contemporary artistic movements. Áo dài, a graceful traditional dress, exemplifies the fusion of elegance and modesty in Vietnamese fashion, symbolizing cultural pride and identity. 4. Today, in the face of modernization and globalization, Vietnamese cultural identity remains resilient. While adapting to the challenges of the 21st century, the Vietnamese people continue to honor their traditions, celebrate their unique cultural expressions, and pass on their heritage to future generations, ensuring that their cultural identity remains vibrant and enduring. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Vietnamese cuisine has gained international recognition.

Water puppetry is no longer practiced in Vietnam.

Vietnamese cultural identity is static and unchanging.

Modernization has completely erased Vietnamese traditions.

1. [I] In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. [Il] Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the icebergor culture. [Ill] Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist. [IV] 2. Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin. 3. Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences. 4. Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an example of Invisible culture?

what food to eat in a courthouse

How people express interest in what others are saying.

How late is considered impolite.

what topics to avoid in conversation.

1. [I] In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. [Il] Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the icebergor culture. [Ill] Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist. [IV] 2. Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin. 3. Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences. 4. Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2 ?

Invisible cultural norms shape our interactions unconsciously, often leading to misunderstandings when we encounter different cultural assumptions.

Invisible cultural norms, such as punctuality, acceptable conversation topics, listening behaviors, and perceptions of beauty, guide social interactions.

People often fail to recognize that their behavior is culturally influenced because they are invisible.

Invisible cultural norms are important because they shape social interactions.

1. [I] In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. [Il] Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the icebergor culture. [Ill] Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist. [IV] 2. Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin. 3. Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences. 4. Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that conflict results when ________.

People think cultural differences are personal.

People complete with those from other cultures.

One culture is more invisible than another culture

Some people recognize more cultural differences than others.

1. [I] In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. [Il] Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the icebergor culture. [Ill] Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist. [IV] 2. Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin. 3. Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences. 4. Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Conflicts in cross-cultural relations often arise because invisible cultural differences are mistaken for personal differences.

People are usually aware of the invisible cultural elements they follow.

Invisible cultural differences are often recognized immediately in cross-cultural interactions.

Visible aspects of culture, like language and clothing, are more important than invisible aspects.

1. [I] In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. [Il] Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the icebergor culture. [Ill] Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist. [IV] 2. Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin. 3. Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences. 4. Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Consequently, it is possible that mutual misunderstandings occur because of the invisible cultural differences.

Hence, people always misunderstand each other because of the invisible cultural differences.

Thus, people rarely mistake for their conception because of the invisible cultural differences.

Consequently, it is certain that mutual misunderstandings occur because of the invisible cultural differences.

1. [I] In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. [Il] Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the icebergor culture. [Ill] Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist. [IV] 2. Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin. 3. Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences. 4. Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

The passage seeks to explain the importance of invisible aspects of culture, demonstrating how these unspoken norms influence behavior and often go unnoticed, causing misunderstandings in cross-cultural interactions.

The passage aims to explain the reasons behind cross-cultural conflicts, particularly how misunderstandings arise due to unrecognized, invisible cultural differences that people often mistake for personal behaviors.

The passage highlights that much of culture is learned consciously, focusing on deliberate learning of visible cultural aspects, which are often the primary focus in discussions of cultural diversity.

Cultural diversity is reflected in all aspects of life, encompassing both visible elements like language, dress, and food, and invisible elements like unspoken social norms.

Ôn tập tiếng Anh 12 được làm bởi Hauuudz

Authored by Minh Nguyễn

English

11th Grade

Used 7+ times

Ôn tập tiếng Anh 12 được làm bởi Hauuudz

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following biography and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
"The Inspiring Life Story of Oprah Winfrey”
A Journey We Admire
Oprah Winfrey's life is a remarkable story of overcoming adversity and achieving greatness. From (1) _____ in poverty to becoming a global media mogul, Oprah has always inspired millions with her determination, resilience and generosity. Her journey is a powerful reminder that no matter the circumstances, anyone can rise above their challenges and make a lasting (2) _ on the world.
Oprah is a successful entrepreneur who revolutionized the media industry. Her remarkable life story continues to inspire people of all ages. Oprah, overcoming poverty, became a symbol of hope and perseverance.
She often (3) _ her wisdom to millions of viewers around the world. Against all odds, Oprah became (4) _ first African-American woman to host her own talk show. Helping others find their voice is one of Oprah’s greatest passions, and to (5) _ people to reach their full potential has always been her mission.
Oprah Winfrey's life story is a testament to the power of perseverance, compassion, and self-belief. Her journey from hardship to success continues to inspire people around the world, showing us that with determination and a desire to help (6) _____, we can achieve greatness. Oprah’s story is not just a tale of personal success, but also a reminder that each of us has the power to make a positive difference in the world.

1.bringing up

1.looking up

1.setting up

1.growing up

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following biography and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
"The Inspiring Life Story of Oprah Winfrey”
A Journey We Admire
Oprah Winfrey's life is a remarkable story of overcoming adversity and achieving greatness. From (1) _____ in poverty to becoming a global media mogul, Oprah has always inspired millions with her determination, resilience and generosity. Her journey is a powerful reminder that no matter the circumstances, anyone can rise above their challenges and make a lasting (2) _ on the world.
Oprah is a successful entrepreneur who revolutionized the media industry. Her remarkable life story continues to inspire people of all ages. Oprah, overcoming poverty, became a symbol of hope and perseverance.
She often (3) _ her wisdom to millions of viewers around the world. Against all odds, Oprah became (4) _ first African-American woman to host her own talk show. Helping others find their voice is one of Oprah’s greatest passions, and to (5) _ people to reach their full potential has always been her mission.
Oprah Winfrey's life story is a testament to the power of perseverance, compassion, and self-belief. Her journey from hardship to success continues to inspire people around the world, showing us that with determination and a desire to help (6) _____, we can achieve greatness. Oprah’s story is not just a tale of personal success, but also a reminder that each of us has the power to make a positive difference in the world.

2.comment

2.dependence

2.impact

2.focus

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following biography and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
"The Inspiring Life Story of Oprah Winfrey”
A Journey We Admire
Oprah Winfrey's life is a remarkable story of overcoming adversity and achieving greatness. From (1) _____ in poverty to becoming a global media mogul, Oprah has always inspired millions with her determination, resilience and generosity. Her journey is a powerful reminder that no matter the circumstances, anyone can rise above their challenges and make a lasting (2) _ on the world.
Oprah is a successful entrepreneur who revolutionized the media industry. Her remarkable life story continues to inspire people of all ages. Oprah, overcoming poverty, became a symbol of hope and perseverance.
She often (3) _ her wisdom to millions of viewers around the world. Against all odds, Oprah became (4) _ first African-American woman to host her own talk show. Helping others find their voice is one of Oprah’s greatest passions, and to (5) _ people to reach their full potential has always been her mission.
Oprah Winfrey's life story is a testament to the power of perseverance, compassion, and self-belief. Her journey from hardship to success continues to inspire people around the world, showing us that with determination and a desire to help (6) _____, we can achieve greatness. Oprah’s story is not just a tale of personal success, but also a reminder that each of us has the power to make a positive difference in the world.

3.has given

3. is giving

3.gives

3.gave

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following biography and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
"The Inspiring Life Story of Oprah Winfrey”
A Journey We Admire
Oprah Winfrey's life is a remarkable story of overcoming adversity and achieving greatness. From (1) _____ in poverty to becoming a global media mogul, Oprah has always inspired millions with her determination, resilience and generosity. Her journey is a powerful reminder that no matter the circumstances, anyone can rise above their challenges and make a lasting (2) _ on the world.
Oprah is a successful entrepreneur who revolutionized the media industry. Her remarkable life story continues to inspire people of all ages. Oprah, overcoming poverty, became a symbol of hope and perseverance.
She often (3) _ her wisdom to millions of viewers around the world. Against all odds, Oprah became (4) _ first African-American woman to host her own talk show. Helping others find their voice is one of Oprah’s greatest passions, and to (5) _ people to reach their full potential has always been her mission.
Oprah Winfrey's life story is a testament to the power of perseverance, compassion, and self-belief. Her journey from hardship to success continues to inspire people around the world, showing us that with determination and a desire to help (6) _____, we can achieve greatness. Oprah’s story is not just a tale of personal success, but also a reminder that each of us has the power to make a positive difference in the world.

4.no article

4.the

4.an

4.a

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following biography and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
"The Inspiring Life Story of Oprah Winfrey”
A Journey We Admire
Oprah Winfrey's life is a remarkable story of overcoming adversity and achieving greatness. From (1) _____ in poverty to becoming a global media mogul, Oprah has always inspired millions with her determination, resilience and generosity. Her journey is a powerful reminder that no matter the circumstances, anyone can rise above their challenges and make a lasting (2) _ on the world.
Oprah is a successful entrepreneur who revolutionized the media industry. Her remarkable life story continues to inspire people of all ages. Oprah, overcoming poverty, became a symbol of hope and perseverance.
She often (3) _ her wisdom to millions of viewers around the world. Against all odds, Oprah became (4) _ first African-American woman to host her own talk show. Helping others find their voice is one of Oprah’s greatest passions, and to (5) _ people to reach their full potential has always been her mission.
Oprah Winfrey's life story is a testament to the power of perseverance, compassion, and self-belief. Her journey from hardship to success continues to inspire people around the world, showing us that with determination and a desire to help (6) _____, we can achieve greatness. Oprah’s story is not just a tale of personal success, but also a reminder that each of us has the power to make a positive difference in the world.

5.force

5.inspire

5.expect

5.advise

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following biography and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
"The Inspiring Life Story of Oprah Winfrey”
A Journey We Admire
Oprah Winfrey's life is a remarkable story of overcoming adversity and achieving greatness. From (1) _____ in poverty to becoming a global media mogul, Oprah has always inspired millions with her determination, resilience and generosity. Her journey is a powerful reminder that no matter the circumstances, anyone can rise above their challenges and make a lasting (2) _ on the world.
Oprah is a successful entrepreneur who revolutionized the media industry. Her remarkable life story continues to inspire people of all ages. Oprah, overcoming poverty, became a symbol of hope and perseverance.
She often (3) _ her wisdom to millions of viewers around the world. Against all odds, Oprah became (4) _ first African-American woman to host her own talk show. Helping others find their voice is one of Oprah’s greatest passions, and to (5) _ people to reach their full potential has always been her mission.
Oprah Winfrey's life story is a testament to the power of perseverance, compassion, and self-belief. Her journey from hardship to success continues to inspire people around the world, showing us that with determination and a desire to help (6) _____, we can achieve greatness. Oprah’s story is not just a tale of personal success, but also a reminder that each of us has the power to make a positive difference in the world.

6.another

6.others

6.other

6.advise

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

1. Celebrity culture, in many ways, has become inescapable. From social media feeds to television screens and magazine covers, celebrities permeate nearly every aspect of modern life. This constant exposure influences our perceptions of success, beauty, and even happiness. We are bombarded with images of their seemingly perfect lives, often leading to unrealistic comparisons and pressure to conform to societal ideals promoted through their platforms.
2. One of the most significant impacts of celebrity culture is its influence on consumerism. These public figures often become walking, talking advertisements, endorsing everything from clothing brands to luxury cars. This association leads to a powerful desire among fans to acquire the same products, believing it will bring them closer to the lifestyle they admire. This phenomenon fuels a cycle of relentless consumption, potentially leading individuals down a path of financial strain and dissatisfaction in pursuit of an often-unattainable image.
3. However, it's not all negative. Celebrity influence can also be a force for good. Many celebrities leverage their platform to raise awareness for important social and environmental issues. Whether it's advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, supporting disaster relief efforts, or promoting mental health awareness, their voices can reach millions and inspire action. This positive influence can translate into tangible change, from increased donations to shifts in public opinion on critical issues.
4. Despite the potential for positive impact, it's important to engage with celebrity culture in a critical manner. We must remember that the carefully curated images we see are often far from reality. Building media literacy skills and recognizing the constructed nature of celebrity personas can help us navigate this landscape more effectively. Ultimately, maintaining a healthy distance and focusing on our own values and aspirations is essential in mitigating the potentially negative effects of this pervasive cultural force.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an area where celebrities use their influence for good?

Mental health awareness

LGBTQ+ rights

Animal rights

Disaster relief efforts

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

1. Celebrity culture, in many ways, has become inescapable. From social media feeds to television screens and magazine covers, celebrities permeate nearly every aspect of modern life. This constant exposure influences our perceptions of success, beauty, and even happiness. We are bombarded with images of their seemingly perfect lives, often leading to unrealistic comparisons and pressure to conform to societal ideals promoted through their platforms.
2. One of the most significant impacts of celebrity culture is its influence on consumerism. These public figures often become walking, talking advertisements, endorsing everything from clothing brands to luxury cars. This association leads to a powerful desire among fans to acquire the same products, believing it will bring them closer to the lifestyle they admire. This phenomenon fuels a cycle of relentless consumption, potentially leading individuals down a path of financial strain and dissatisfaction in pursuit of an often-unattainable image.
3. However, it's not all negative. Celebrity influence can also be a force for good. Many celebrities leverage their platform to raise awareness for important social and environmental issues. Whether it's advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, supporting disaster relief efforts, or promoting mental health awareness, their voices can reach millions and inspire action. This positive influence can translate into tangible change, from increased donations to shifts in public opinion on critical issues.
4. Despite the potential for positive impact, it's important to engage with celebrity culture in a critical manner. We must remember that the carefully curated images we see are often far from reality. Building media literacy skills and recognizing the constructed nature of celebrity personas can help us navigate this landscape more effectively. Ultimately, maintaining a healthy distance and focusing on our own values and aspirations is essential in mitigating the potentially negative effects of this pervasive cultural force.
The word "inescapable" in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

unavoidable

pervasive

avoidable

influential

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

1. Celebrity culture, in many ways, has become inescapable. From social media feeds to television screens and magazine covers, celebrities permeate nearly every aspect of modern life. This constant exposure influences our perceptions of success, beauty, and even happiness. We are bombarded with images of their seemingly perfect lives, often leading to unrealistic comparisons and pressure to conform to societal ideals promoted through their platforms.
2. One of the most significant impacts of celebrity culture is its influence on consumerism. These public figures often become walking, talking advertisements, endorsing everything from clothing brands to luxury cars. This association leads to a powerful desire among fans to acquire the same products, believing it will bring them closer to the lifestyle they admire. This phenomenon fuels a cycle of relentless consumption, potentially leading individuals down a path of financial strain and dissatisfaction in pursuit of an often-unattainable image.
3. However, it's not all negative. Celebrity influence can also be a force for good. Many celebrities leverage their platform to raise awareness for important social and environmental issues. Whether it's advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, supporting disaster relief efforts, or promoting mental health awareness, their voices can reach millions and inspire action. This positive influence can translate into tangible change, from increased donations to shifts in public opinion on critical issues.
4. Despite the potential for positive impact, it's important to engage with celebrity culture in a critical manner. We must remember that the carefully curated images we see are often far from reality. Building media literacy skills and recognizing the constructed nature of celebrity personas can help us navigate this landscape more effectively. Ultimately, maintaining a healthy distance and focusing on our own values and aspirations is essential in mitigating the potentially negative effects of this pervasive cultural force.
The word "This" in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

public attention

financial strain

relentless consumption

celebrity endorsement

10.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

1. Celebrity culture, in many ways, has become inescapable. From social media feeds to television screens and magazine covers, celebrities permeate nearly every aspect of modern life. This constant exposure influences our perceptions of success, beauty, and even happiness. We are bombarded with images of their seemingly perfect lives, often leading to unrealistic comparisons and pressure to conform to societal ideals promoted through their platforms.
2. One of the most significant impacts of celebrity culture is its influence on consumerism. These public figures often become walking, talking advertisements, endorsing everything from clothing brands to luxury cars. This association leads to a powerful desire among fans to acquire the same products, believing it will bring them closer to the lifestyle they admire. This phenomenon fuels a cycle of relentless consumption, potentially leading individuals down a path of financial strain and dissatisfaction in pursuit of an often-unattainable image.
3. However, it's not all negative. Celebrity influence can also be a force for good. Many celebrities leverage their platform to raise awareness for important social and environmental issues. Whether it's advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, supporting disaster relief efforts, or promoting mental health awareness, their voices can reach millions and inspire action. This positive influence can translate into tangible change, from increased donations to shifts in public opinion on critical issues.
4. Despite the potential for positive impact, it's important to engage with celebrity culture in a critical manner. We must remember that the carefully curated images we see are often far from reality. Building media literacy skills and recognizing the constructed nature of celebrity personas can help us navigate this landscape more effectively. Ultimately, maintaining a healthy distance and focusing on our own values and aspirations is essential in mitigating the potentially negative effects of this pervasive cultural force.
Which of the following best paraphrases the first sentence in paragraph 3?

Celebrity influence is always detrimental.

Celebrity influence is entirely negative.

Celebrity influence is not always a bad thing.

There are no positive aspects of celebrity influence.

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