Which of the following is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes?

• Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

• Increased insulin sensitivity

• Insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion

• Excessive insulin production

In a patient presenting with severe hyperglycemia, what is the primary goal of initial treatment?

• Correct the electrolyte imbalance

• Restore fluid balance and reduce plasma glucose gradually

• Normalize blood glucose as quickly as possible

• Administer glucagon to counteract hyperglycemia

A patient experiencing hypoglycemia becomes unconscious. What is the most appropriate immediate management?

• Administer 50% dextrose intravenously

• Provide 15–20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates, such as glucose tablets

• Inject glucagon intramuscularly

• Administer long-acting carbohydrates immediately

Which of the following is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?

• Polyuria

• Tremors, sweating, and confusion

• Weight gain and fatigue

• Dry skin and constipation

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of DKA?

• Hyperinsulinemia and decreased gluconeogenesis

• Insulin deficiency leads to lipolysis, producing ketones and metabolic acidosis

• Increased glucose uptake by cells causes hypoglycemia and acidosis

• Excessive insulin production triggers ketogenesis and acidemia

Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with DKA and requires careful monitoring during treatment?

• Hypercalcemia

• Hypernatremia

• Hypomagnesemia

• Hypokalemia

In DKA, what causes the characteristic fruity odor in a patient’s breath?

• Accumulation of lactic acid

• Bacterial infection in the oral cavity

• High levels of acetone, a byproduct of ketone metabolism

• Increased carbon dioxide retention

Which complication is most commonly associated with prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes?

• Hypertension

• Retinopathy and nephropathy

• Hypokalemia

• Increased insulin sensitivity

What is the primary long-term strategy to prevent recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients?

• Adjusting medication and meal timing

• Increasing insulin doses

• Avoiding all physical activity

• Consuming sugary snacks regularly

What is the most reliable laboratory marker to confirm the diagnosis of DKA?

• Elevated blood glucose (>250 mg/dL or >13.9 mmol/L)

• Serum ketones and metabolic acidosis

• Low potassium levels

• Presence of proteinuria