What is the primary mechanism of cell injury due to hypoxia?

• DNA damage

• Protein denaturation

• ATP depletion

• Lipid peroxidation

Which of the following is a consequence of increased intracellular calcium levels during cell injury?

• Activation of protein kinases

• Inhibition of ATP production

• Stimulation of apoptosis

• All of the above

What is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell injury?

• To repair damaged DNA

• To activate antioxidant enzymes

• To damage cellular macromolecules

• To stimulate cell proliferation

Which of the following types of cell injury is characterized by the formation of ice crystals within cells?

• Hypoxic injury

• Toxic injury

• Physical injury

• Freeze injury

What is the primary mechanism of cell injury due to radiation?

• DNA damage

• Protein denaturation

• Lipid peroxidation

• ATP depletion

Which of the following is a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction during cell injury?

• Increased ATP production

• Decreased ATP production

• Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production

• Decreased ROS production

What is the role of apoptosis in cell injury?

• To repair damaged cells

• To eliminate damaged cells

• To stimulate cell proliferation

• To inhibit cell growth

Which of the following types of cell injury is characterized by the accumulation of lipids within cells?

• Hypoxic injury

• Toxic injury

• Metabolic injury

• Steatotic injury

What is the primary mechanism of cell injury due to toxins?

• DNA damage

• Protein denaturation

• Lipid peroxidation

• ATP depletion

Which of the following is a consequence of lysosomal dysfunction during cell injury?

• Release of digestive enzymes

• Inhibition of protein synthesis

• Stimulation of apoptosis

• All of the above