Forgetting and Other Memory Challenges (Goes w/ Forgetting W/S)

What does the forgetting curve illustrate about the course of forgetting?

• It is constant over time.

• It is initially rapid, then levels off.

• It decreases steadily.

• It increases with time.

Michael was studying for his history exam but couldn't remember the details of the French Revolution because he did not fully pay attention during the lectures. What is a reason for why Michael is struggling?

• Failure to encode information into his memory.

• Interference of new information Michael learned.

• Failure to understand new information.

• Failure to organize information logically.

What can cause memories to be difficult to retrieve?

• Encoding failure

• Interference

• Retrieval failure

• All options apply.

What is proactive interference?

• New information disrupts old information.

• Old information disrupts new information.

• Information is lost over time.

• Information is encoded incorrectly.

John has been using the same phone number for ten years. Recently, he got a new phone number. When someone asks for John's number, he accidentally gives his old one instead of the new one. Type of interference?

• Proactive

• Retroactive

Sarah recently started learning Spanish after spending two years studying French. During a French conversation practice, she mistakenly uses Spanish words instead of the correct French ones.

• Retroactive interference

• Proactive interference

In one classic experiment, two groups of people watched a traffic accident film clip and then answered questions about what they had seen (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). Those asked, “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” gave higher speed estimates than those asked, “About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?”

Which concept does this finding represent?

• Source amnesia

• Retroactive interference

• Misinformation effect

• Imagination inflation

Emily has always been afraid of dogs because she was bitten by one as a child. Recently, she started therapy to overcome her fear. During a session, her therapist asked her to recall the memory of the incident and guided her through reinterpreting it in a safe and controlled environment. Over time, Emily began to associate the memory of the dog bite with feelings of safety and control rather than fear. Now, when she thinks about the event, her emotional response is less intense, and she no longer feels the same level of fear around dogs.

Emily's "new" memory is an example of:

• Reconsolidation

• Proactive interference

• Encoding failure

• Misinformation effect