Understanding Criminality and Punishment

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

• Removing a loud noise when a desired behaviour is performed

• Giving a child a sweet for completing their homework

• Taking away a toy when a child misbehaves

• Scolding a student for being late

What is the main concept of Social Learning Theory proposed by Bandura?

• Behaviour is learned through direct reinforcement

• Behaviour is learned through observation and imitation

• Behaviour is innate and not influenced by the environment

• Behaviour is solely determined by genetic factors

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

• Money

• Praise

• Food

• A trophy

In Eysenck's theory of personality, which trait is associated with being sociable and outgoing?

• Introversion

• Neuroticism

• Extraversion

• Psychoticism

What is vicarious reinforcement in the context of Social Learning Theory?

• Learning by experiencing the consequences of one's own actions

• Learning by observing the consequences of others' actions

• Learning through direct instruction

• Learning through trial and error

Which of the following is a weakness of using prison as a punishment for reducing recidivism?

• It provides a structured environment

• It can lead to overcrowding and increased costs

• It offers opportunities for rehabilitation

• It acts as a deterrent to crime

What is negative punishment in operant conditioning?

• Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behaviour

• Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behaviour

• Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour

• Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour

Which of the following best describes the concept of modelling in Social Learning Theory?

• Learning through trial and error

• Learning by observing and imitating others

• Learning through direct reinforcement

• Learning through genetic predisposition

In Eysenck's theory, which personality trait is characterised by emotional instability and anxiety?

• Extraversion

• Introversion

• Neuroticism

• Psychoticism

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

• Water

• Shelter

• Money

• Food