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The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by Edith Wharton set in 1870s New York City. In the novel, Newland Archer attends an opera. The narrator describes Newland's tendency to follow the social conventions dictated by other men of New York City society who are in the audience: ______

NovF24.1.12

Which quotation from The Age of Innocence best illustrates the claim?

• “Singly [the men around Newland] betrayed their inferiority; but grouped together they represented ‘New York,’ and the habit of masculine solidarity made him accept their doctrine on all the issues called moral.”

• “Newland Archer, leaning against the wall at the back of the club box [where his seat was], turned his eyes from the stage and scanned the opposite side of the house.”

• “Newland Archer felt himself distinctly the superior of these chosen specimens of old New York gentility; he had probably read more, thought more, and even seen a good deal more of the world, than any other man of the number.”

• “No expense had been spared on the setting, which was acknowledged to be very beautiful even by people who shared.”

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Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution and function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks on caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which ranged from clicks in Antheraea polyphemus to chirps in Schausisella santarosensis. A second research team has claimed that caterpillars use these sounds primarily to communicate with other members of their species.

NovF24.2.8

Which finding, if true, would most directly challenge the second team’s claim?

• The sounds caterpillars produced in response to the simulated attacks lacked acoustic characteristics that would make them audible to bats, lizards, or birds, some of the most frequent predators of caterpillars.

• Most of the caterpillar species that were found not to produce sound in response to simulated attacks have been observed producing sound during encounters with other members of their species.

• Among the caterpillar species that produced sound in response to simulated attacks, no individuals produced sound in the minute before the attacks, but the vast majority of individuals produced sound once the simulated attacks began.

• Caterpillars that were found to produce sounds in response to simulated attacks are typically solitary and were tested in isolation.

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Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim Voth’s research on the fiscal vulnerability of Philip II (who ruled not only Spain but other regions including much of Belgium from 1556 to 1598) builds on other studies of European early modern state finance, including Hoffman and Norberg’s work on the relationship between state finance and political development. But Drelichman and Voth’s unique contribution is their reconstruction of the earliest extant set of annual fiscal records for any sovereign state, which demonstrate that Philip’s defaults were caused by short-term liquidity crises, not long-term unsustainable debts.

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What does the text most strongly suggest about the value of Drelichman and Voth’s research to their discipline?

• Drelichman and Voth’s research revealed the role of Philip II’s debt defaults in exacerbating short-term liquidity crises.

• Drelichman and Voth’s research uses newly compiled evidence to eliminate one possible reason Philip II defaulted on his debts and to affirm another.

• Drelichman and Voth’s research builds on earlier work about a particular aspect of European early modern state finance by Hoffman and Norberg and corrects errors in that earlier work.

• Drelichman and Voth’s research presented a novel body of evidence supporting Hoffman and Norberg’s hypothesis regarding why Philip II defaulted on several loans.

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"The Mountain" is a 1914 poem by Robert Frost. In the poem, the speaker visits a town next to a mountain. The speaker claims to feel protected by the mountain, saying______

NovD24.1.12

Which quotation from "The Mountain" most effectively illustrates the claim?

• “I felt it like a wall / Behind which I was sheltered from a wind.”

• “I crossed the river and swung round the mountain.”

• “A dry ravine emerged under boughs / Into the pasture.”

• “The mountain stood there to be pointed at.”

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Researchers have long hypothesized that woolly mammoths were hunted to extinction in North America by humans using spears with grooved tips known as Clovis points. One anthropologist set out to test this hypothesis. Using a mechanical spear-thrower, he launched spears with Clovis points into mound of clay—substitutes for the animals’ large bodies. The projectiles generally penetrated only a few inches into the clay, an amount insufficient to have harmed most woolly mammoths. This led to anthropologist to conclude that hunters using spears with Clovis points likely weren’t the principal drivers of the extinction.

NovA23.1.5

 Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

• To argue for the significance of new findings amid an ongoing debate among researchers

• To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the method used in an experiment

• To summarize two competing hypotheses and a major finding associated with each one

• To describe an experiment whose results cast doubt on an established hypothesis

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The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from the United States, is visiting his grandparents, Babou and Mamou, in Iran. They are preparing for a holiday celebration.

 I felt like a tourist.

But Babou fussed with my cap a little more, even though Mamou had already gotten it settled. He looked me in the eye from time to time, like he was looking for something, and thought maybe-just maybe-I had it in me after all.

Babou hummed to himself as he smoothed out my shoulder seams and rested his hands on them.

 "I am glad you are here to see this, Darioush-jan."  Maybe I wasn't such a tourist

OctB23.1.6

 Which choice best states the main purpose of  the text ?

• To emphasize that Darius has been looking forward to an event

• To demonstrate that Darius and Babou would prefer not to travel

• To show that Babou affects the way Darius thinks of himself

• To suggest that Babou and Mamou will visit Darius in the United States soon

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