IAR MOCK

What is the primary aim of collecting quantitative data in social science research?

• To create engaging narratives

• To predict outcomes, describe trends, and test hypotheses

• To explore subjective experiences

• To document personal anecdotes

Which of the following violates ethical principles in research?

• Failing to obtain informed consent from participants

• Ensuring participants join the study voluntarily

• Maintaining confidentiality and protecting sensitive information

• Offering specific guarantees or benefits to participants

In which of the following processes are the levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) most relevant?

• Conceptualization in quantitative research projects

• Conceptualization in qualitative research projects

• Operationalization in quantitative research projects

• Operationalization in qualitative research projects

Which of the following best demonstrates the operationalization of the concept of "student engagement"?

• Defining student engagement as "active participation in academic and extracurricular activities."

• Ask students in interviews how they feel about studying.

• Using "class participation" as an indicator and asking, "How often do you participate in class discussions on a scale from 1 to 5?"

• Observing whether students take notes or ask questions during lectures.

A researcher conducts interviews with students about their study habits. How should they use coding in their analysis?

• Identify recurring themes in responses and categorize them systematically

• Count how many times each student mentioned specific keywords

• Apply a pre-existing theoretical framework without adjustments

• Remove unrelated responses to simplify the data

In a study measuring stress levels among students, which question assesses the validity of the measurement tool?

• Does the tool produce consistent results over time?

• Does the tool accurately measure stress levels?

• Can the tool's results be generalized to other student populations?

• Can the tool's results be replicated in other contexts?

Which statement best distinguishes between causation and correlation?

• Causation and correlation are interchangeable since both indicate relationships between variables.

• Correlation requires evidence of causation, but causation does not require correlation.

• Causation indicates a direct cause-and-effect relationship, while correlation shows a relationship between variables without necessarily implying causality.

• Correlation and causation both require statistical evidence, but causation requires proof of time order and non-spuriousness.

How does scientific inquiry differ from ordinary human inquiry? Focus on two key features that make scientific inquiry systematic (max 100 words).

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Model Answer
Scientific inquiry is systematic, combining theory, observation, and data collection to ensure objectivity, unlike ordinary inquiry, which often relies on intuition or anecdotal evidence. Science avoids errors such as overgeneralization by using replication and sufficient sample sizes and reduces illogical reasoning by applying structured systems of logic and rigorous analysis.

Qualitative and quantitative research use different methods of data collection and data analysis. However, they generally go through the same phases of the empirical research cycle. Briefly list at least 5 other phases of the general empirical research cycle and provide an example of what a researcher might do during each phase (max 80 words).

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Model Answer
Literature Review: Review existing studies on sleep and academic performance.
Research Design: Develop a survey with questions about sleep patterns and study habits.
Data Collection: Administer the survey to first-year students.
Data Analysis: Analyze correlations between sleep duration and study effectiveness.
Findings: Present findings in graphs to demonstrate patterns.
Dissemination: Share the results in a class presentation or academic journal article.

Provide two characteristics of the interpretive paradigm and explain one key difference between the interpretive and positivist paradigms (max 100 words)/

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Answer explanation

1. Model Answer
   
   

The interpretive paradigm assumes that reality is subjective and socially constructed, emphasizing reflexivity to account for the researcher’s influence. It focuses on understanding meaning within specific contexts.

In contrast, the positivist paradigm views reality as objective and measurable, seeking to uncover generalizable laws through hypothesis testing and quantifiable data. The key difference lies in their approach to reality—positivism emphasizes objectivity, while interpretivism prioritizes subjective meaning-making.