Are all devices on an embedded computer other than the CPU classified as I/O devices? Why or why not?

• Yes, all devices except the CPU are I/O devices.

• No, devices like memory, DMA controllers, and timers are not considered I/O devices.

• Yes, I/O devices include memory and internal devices like DMA controllers.

• No, only devices directly connected to the CPU are I/O devices.

Why are some registers only readable while others are both readable and writable?

• Writable registers are more efficient than read-only registers.

• Writable registers are used for debugging only.

• Read-only registers prevent accidental modification of critical information.

• Writable registers serve no practical purpose.

What is the key difference between busy-wait I/O and interrupt-driven I/O?

• Interrupt-driven I/O requires polling, while busy-wait does not.

• Busy-wait I/O blocks the CPU, while interrupt-driven I/O allows the CPU to perform other tasks.

• Interrupt-driven I/O is slower than busy-wait I/O.

• Busy-wait I/O is more power-efficient than interrupt-driven I/O.

What is a parity check, and why is it important in communication systems?

• A method to compress data for faster transmission.

• A technique to encrypt data for security.

• A simple error-detection method to ensure data integrity.

• A way to prioritize communication channels.

How does memory-mapped I/O enable communication between the CPU and peripherals?

• By using dedicated instructions for I/O operations.

• By mapping device registers into the CPU’s main memory space for standard load/store instructions.

• By polling the peripherals continuously.

• By using interrupts for every data transaction.

Why is debugging interrupt handlers more challenging than debugging regular routines?

• Interrupt handlers run slower than regular routines.

• Interrupts execute synchronously, making timing issues easy to identify.

• The asynchronous and unpredictable timing of interrupts complicates debugging.

• Interrupt handlers require dedicated debugging hardware.

What triggers the DMA controller for data transfer?

• A software signal from the CPU.

• A clock pulse from the system timer.

• An I/O device request or a CPU configuration signal.

• A signal from the memory bus.

How does the CPU determine which interrupt to service first when multiple interrupts occur simultaneously?

• By servicing the first interrupt received.

• Based on priority levels assigned to interrupts using NVIC or similar controllers.

• By polling each interrupt line for service requests.

• By ignoring low-priority interrupts.

Can interrupts interrupt each other? How are nested interrupts handled?

• No, interrupts cannot preempt each other.

• Yes, higher-priority interrupts can preempt lower-priority ISRs, and context is saved on the stack.

• No, once an interrupt is in progress, all others are masked.

• Yes, but only if the NVIC allows preemption.

What role does NVIC play in handling multiple interrupts?

• It disables all interrupts for low-priority tasks.

• It assigns static priority levels to each interrupt.

• It manages interrupt priorities and enables nested interrupts.

• It prevents interrupts from preempting ongoing tasks.