The surfactant production begins during which stage of lung development?

• Pseudoglandular stage

• Canalicular stage

• Saccular stage

• Alveolar stage

The pediatric rib cage is more:

• Horizontal

• Vertical

• Elliptical

• Narrow

The primary reason why children are more prone to airway obstruction compared to adults is:

• Wider airways

• Narrower and more collapsible airways

• Increased lung elasticity

• Stronger respiratory muscles

The pediatric diaphragm contributes more to respiration because:

• It is stronger than in adults

• The lungs are larger

• The rib cage is less mobile

• It has more muscle fibers

Compared to adults, why are children more prone to respiratory fatigue?

• Children have a higher metabolic demand

• The diaphragm in children has fewer fatigue-resistant muscle fibers

• Smaller chest cavity limits lung expansion

• Children have immature respiratory control centers

What is the approximate respiratory rate of a healthy newborn?

• 10 - 20 bpm

• 20 - 30 bpm

• 30 - 60 bpm

• 60 - 90 bpm

Closing volume + Residual volume is

Why are children more prone to respiratory distress in response to illness compared to adults?

• Higher lung compliance

• Increased functional residual capacity

• Smaller functional reserve

• Larger airway size relative to body size