Understanding Correlation Concepts

1. What does Pearson correlation measure? A) The strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables B) The difference between two datasets C) The ranking of values in an ordered list D) The number of hours studied per week

• A) The strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables

• The total number of variables involved

• The average of two variables

• The probability of a variable occurring

2. How does Spearman correlation differ from Pearson correlation? A) It only works for normally distributed data B) It measures the rank-based relationship rather than a linear one C) It only applies to numerical data D) It is the same as Pearson correlation

• B) It measures the rank-based relationship rather than a linear one

• D) It measures the linear relationship rather than a rank-based one

• A) It only works for categorical data

• C) It only applies to ordinal data

3. According to the case study, what is the Pearson correlation between study hours and English proficiency? A) 0.25 B) 0.72 C) -0.12 D) 1.00

• -0.50

• B) 0.72

• 0.90

• 0.50

4. What does a weak negative correlation (-0.12) between late-night studying and English proficiency suggest? A) Studying late at night improves English proficiency B) There is no relationship between late-night studying and English proficiency C) Studying late at night has a slight negative effect on English proficiency D) Late-night studying is beneficial for all students

• B) There is a strong positive relationship between late-night studying and English proficiency

• A) Studying late at night improves English proficiency

• C) Studying late at night has a slight negative effect on English proficiency

• D) Late-night studying is beneficial for all students

5. What is the range of values for Pearson correlation coefficients? A) -1 to 1 B) 0 to 100 C) -100 to 100 D) 0 to 1

• B) -50 to 50

• A) -2 to 2

• C) -10 to 10

• A) -1 to 1

6. Which of the following indicates a perfect positive correlation? A) 0 B) 0.5 C) 1 D) -1

• 0.8

• -0.5

• 0.2

• C

7. What type of data is required for Pearson correlation? A) Categorical data B) Ordinal data C) Interval or ratio data D) Nominal data

• E) Continuous data

• G) Qualitative data

• C) Interval or ratio data

• F) Discrete data

8. If two variables have a correlation of -0.85, what can be inferred? A) They are strongly positively correlated B) They are weakly negatively correlated C) They are strongly negatively correlated D) There is no correlation

• They are not correlated at all

• C) They are strongly negatively correlated

• They are weakly positively correlated

• They are moderately correlated

9. In which scenario would you prefer using Spearman correlation over Pearson correlation? A) When data is normally distributed B) When dealing with ordinal data C) When both variables are categorical D) When you need a precise linear relationship

• A) When data is normally distributed

• C) When both variables are categorical

• D) When you need a precise linear relationship

• B) When dealing with ordinal data

10. What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate? A) A strong positive relationship B) A strong negative relationship C) No relationship D) A perfect linear relationship

• B) A strong negative relationship

• C) No relationship

• D) A perfect linear relationship

• A) A strong positive relationship