Which of the following best defines a chemical equation?

• A description of how elements bond together

• A mathematical representation of atomic mass

• A symbolic way of expressing a chemical reaction

• A method of measuring chemical energy

In a balanced chemical equation, what must always be equal on both sides?

• The total number of molecules

• The total number of atoms of each element

• The total mass of reactants

• The total volume of gases

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a limiting reactant?

• It determines the amount of product formed

• It is completely consumed in the reaction

• It is always present in excess

• It limits the reaction from continuing further

What is the molarity of a solution?

• The number of solute molecules in a reaction

• The amount of solute in moles per liter of solution

• The ratio of solvent to solute in a reaction

• The total number of ions in a solution

Which of the following describes the theoretical yield in a chemical reaction?

• The amount of product actually produced in the reaction

• The calculated amount of product expected based on reactants

• The minimum amount of reactants required for a reaction

• The percent ratio of actual to expected product

A 28.0% hydrochloric acid solution has a density of 1.14 g/mL. What does this percentage refer to?

• The percentage of solution that is water

• The percentage of hydrochloric acid by volume

• The percentage of hydrochloric acid by mass

• The percentage of ions in solution

According to Arrhenius theory, which of the following is classified as a base?

• HCl

• H2SO4

• NaOH

• CH3COOH

What is the primary characteristic of a strong electrolyte in aqueous solution?

• It partially ionizes in water

• It does not produce ions

• It completely ionizes in water

• It only dissolves but does not dissociate

What is the conjugate base of NH4+?

• NH3

• OH-

• H2O

• H3O+

What is the main limitation of the Arrhenius acid-base theory?

• It does not define the role of ions in reactions

• It only applies to reactions in aqueous solutions

• It does not include the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs

• It does not consider neutralization reactions