Biology Milestones Review

Which cell structure allows and controls the passage of substances?

• nucleus
• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
• endoplasmic reticulum

People who have Tay-Sachs disease cannot metabolize some lipids effectively.  Tay-Sachs is a recessive disorder.  A student used a Punnett square to determine the probability of offspring inheriting the disease.  The results from a Punnett square are 25% TT, 50% Tt, and 25% tt.  Which conclusion can be made regarding the genotypes of the parents and the probability of inheriting a Tay-Sachs allele?

• The parents must be TT and tt, which yields a 25% chance of expressing the disease.
• The parents must be Tt and tt, which yeilds a 50% chance of inheriting an allele for the disease.
• The parents must be TT and TT, which yields a 25% chance of inheriting an allele for the disease.
• The parents must be Tt and Tt, which yields a 75% chance of inheriting an allele for the disease.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

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A scientist studied the energy contribution of different types of cellular respiration to a runner during an endurance running event . The scientist then created the graph shown from the data collected.  
Which conclusion can be made regarding the mechanisms for obtaining energy in Line 1 and Line 2?

• ATP is obtained through aerobic respiration for Line 1 while anaerobic respiration occurs for line 2.
• ATP is obtained thorugh anaerobic respiration for Line 1 while aerobic respiration occurs for Line 2.
• Line 1 shows energy is obtained through production of glucose molecules while Line 2 shows energy obtained through the production of protein molecules.
• Line 1 shows energy is obtained through the production of fat molecules while Line 2 shows energy obtained through the production of carbohydrate molecules.

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• ATP is obtained through aerobic respiration for Line 1 while anaerobic respiration occurs for line 2.
• ATP is obtained thorugh anaerobic respiration for Line 1 while aerobic respiration occurs for Line 2.
• Line 1 shows energy is obtained through production of glucose molecules while Line 2 shows energy obtained through the production of protein molecules.
• Line 1 shows energy is obtained through the production of fat molecules while Line 2 shows energy obtained through the production of carbohydrate molecules.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-7

About one in one million people are born with dyskeratosis congenita . This disease affects many areas of the body . It causes fingernails and toenails to grow abnormally and discoloration of the skin . Dyskeratosis congenita is caused by a mutation ina gene responsible for the production of ribosomes; therefore, ribosome functioning is impaired .Which cell process would be most directly affected by this disease? 

• the production of energy
• the production of proteins
• the removal of substances
• the breakdown of chemicals

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

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• Rhesus monkeys and mice do not share a common ancestor.
• Hemoglobin is more important to frogs than to other organisms.
• Humans and rhesus monkeys are more similar than chickens and frogs.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of hemoglobin in all organisms except humans.

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• Species 1 is a predator of Species 2.
• Species 2 is a predator of Species 1.
• Species 1 and 2 have a mutualistic relationship.
• Species 1 and 2 have a commensalistic relationship.

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