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You observe bacteria fossils in the upper layers of a rock you found in your backyard. However, you do not observe any fossils in the rock's bottom layers. Which of the following best support your observations?

• The rock formed very quickly due to the rapid changes of the rock.

• The top layers of any rock are much older than the bottom ones.

• The bottom layers of the rock could have formed before life occurred.

• The middle layers will determine the age of the rock and its composition.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-4

NGSS.MS-LS4-1

Which diagram shows what happens when an ocean plate and a continental crustal plate meet?

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

NGSS.MS-ESS2-3

Which of the following best describes radioactive dating?

• A method to determine the relative age of rocks.

• A method to determine the absolute age of rocks by measuring the decay of radioactive elements.

• A method to determine the age of fossils by their location in rock layers.

• A method to determine the age of rocks by their color.

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NGSS.HS-PS1-8

Which of the following best explains why fossils of the same species are found on different continents?

• The species evolved independently on each continent.

• The continents were once connected and have since drifted apart.

• The species migrated across oceans to different continents.

• The fossils were transported by humans.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-3

What can scientists learn from studying the layers of rock in which fossils are found?

• The exact age of the fossils.

• The type of climate that existed when the fossils were formed.

• The relative age of the fossils.

• The diet of the organisms that formed the fossils.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-4

Which of the following is an example of an index fossil?

• A fossil found in only one location.

• A fossil of an organism that lived for a long period of time.

• A fossil of an organism that lived during a specific time period and is found in many places.

• A fossil that is used to determine the absolute age of a rock layer.

How does the Law of Superposition help scientists determine the age of rock layers?

• It states that the oldest layers are at the top and the youngest are at the bottom.

• It states that the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top.

• It states that all rock layers are the same age.

• It states that rock layers are always horizontal.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-4

What does the presence of folding and faulting in rock layers indicate?

• The rock layers have remained undisturbed.

• The rock layers have been subjected to movements in Earth's crust.

• The rock layers are very young.

• The rock layers are very old.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-4

NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

Why are fossils important for understanding Earth's history?

• They provide evidence of past life forms and environments.

• They can be used to predict future geological events.

• They are the only way to determine the age of rocks.

• They show that Earth's environment has always been the same.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-3

NGSS.MS-LS4-1

How can scientists determine the relative age of a rock layer?

• By measuring the radioactive decay of elements in the rock.

• By comparing it to the ages of other rock layers using the Law of Superposition.

• By analyzing the chemical composition of the rock.

• By observing the color of the rock.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-4