Regents Living Environment Exam

Each body cell contains the same genetic information, but can differ in appearance and size. The diagram below shows three different types of cells found in the human body. Identify one similarity, other than the genetic information, that these body cells have. Explain why differences in these human body cells are a biological advantage.

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The diagram below represents a laboratory experiment involving sucrose and water molecules in a cellophane bag which functions in the same way as dialysis tubing. Which statement correctly explains the rise of liquid in the tube at the end of the experiment?

• The concentration of sucrose molecules increased as water molecules entered the bag. This concentration

  increase pushed the liquid up the tube.

• Water entered the bag due to the lower concentration of water inside. The extra water pushed the liquid

  up the tube as the bag filled.

• Sucrose indicator entered the bag and reacted with the sucrose molecules. The reaction made the bag

  increase in size and pushed the liquid up the tube.

• Sucrose molecules moved out of the bag and up the tube while water moved out, causing the rise of

  liquid in the tube

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The processes of diffusion and active transport

are both used to

• move molecules against a concentration

  gradient, using ATP molecules

• bring molecules into cells when they are

  more concentrated outside of the cell

• move molecules into or out of cells of the

  body

• break down molecules to release energy

Botulinum toxin is a substance that can cause

paralysis in humans. The effects of the toxin are

due to the blocking of a signaling molecule that

is necessary for communication between nerve

cells. The toxin most likely interferes with the

normal functioning of a

• chromosome

• receptor

• digestive hormone

• DNA molecule

Although all of the cells of a plant contain the

same genetic material, root cells and leaf cells are

not identical because they

• select different cells to express

• delete different sections of their enzymes

• use different genetic bases for the synthesis

  of DNA

• use different parts of their genetic instructions

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Before they can pass from a parent cell to its

offspring cells, the inherited instructions that a

human cell carries must first be

• accurately replicated

• used to make specific protein molecules that

  form genes

• moved into the nucleus

• broken down and made into DNA molecules

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Which dissolved substance do aquatic animals

remove from their external environment for use

in cellular respiration?

• carbon dioxide

• oxygen molecules

• ATP molecules

• nitrogen gas

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The diagram below represents a cell.

Which letter indicates the specific structure where most hereditary mutations occur?

• A

• B

• C

• D

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The Bionic Pancreas Until recently, diabetics could rely only on regular blood sugar checks, medications, and low-carbohydrate diets in order to maintain their health. Bioengineers at Boston University are working to create a bionic pancreas. The device includes a sensor implanted just beneath the skin that monitors blood sugar levels. It sends a wireless signal to a smartphone every five minutes. If the phone receives a signal that blood sugar is too low or too high, it then sends a different signal to a separate device also attached to the body. This device releases the appropriate hormone into the bloodstream to return blood sugar levels back to normal. The corrective actions made by the bionic pancreas on a regular basis in response to changing blood sugar levels are similar to which natural biological process?

• an immune response

• biochemical digestion

• a feedback mechanism

• ATP production

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According to the passage, the bionic pancreas makes corrective actions that return blood sugar levels back

to normal. This artificial device helps

• produce more sugar

• break down blood cells

• maintain homeostasis

• cure their diabetes

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