Living Environment Regents: Cells and Transport

Lymphatic capillaries are found throughout the body. Both the lymphatic and circulatory systems transport substances between the bloodstream and body tissues. These two systems are also involved in fighting infections. The arrows shown in the diagram that go from the blood capillaries to the interstitial fluid most likely represent the

• release of red blood cells, so that they can diffuse into body cells and fight bacteria

• movement of materials from the circulatory system that will eventually enter lymphatic capillaries

• transport of digestive enzymes from the blood to help with the digestion of glucose in muscle cells

• transport of glucose molecules from the blood to be used by cells to attack proteins and fats

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The diagram below shows specialized plant cells that control openings called stomates. The proper function of these cells is vital to the survival of the plant because they regulate the

• rate of glucose use by root cells

• absorption of sunlight by leaf cells

• products of photosynthesis in the stem

• exchange of gases in leaves

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Substance X directly supplies energy for various life functions, as shown in the diagram below. Which substance is represented by X in the diagram?

• ATP

• DNA

• starch

• glucose

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It may be harmful when people compete to see who can hold their breath the longest under water. Without oxygen, brain cells

• cannot make enough ATP

• have too few mitochondria

• make too many enzymes

• have too much water

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How do cells capture and release energy?

• Through the synthesis of cell walls

• By converting glucose into ATP in the mitochondria

• By moving substances across the cell membrane without energy

• Through the replication of DNA

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How do phospholipids in the plasma membrane contribute to its selective permeability?

• By forming a rigid layer that prevents any substances from passing through

• By creating a double layer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads, allowing only certain molecules to pass

• By acting as enzymes to break down substances before they enter the cell

• By providing energy for active transport mechanisms

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

• It acts as a transporter for ions.

• It serves as the primary component of the cell wall.

• It helps to stabilize the membrane's fluidity under various temperature conditions.

• It is the primary molecule for energy storage.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

• It is the primary site of ATP production.

• It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

• It captures light energy for photosynthesis.

• It serves as the main site for lipid synthesis.

What is the significance of oxygen in cellular respiration?

• It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

• It is used to synthesize glucose in the mitochondria.

• It acts as a primary substrate for glycolysis.

• It is necessary for the synthesis of ATP in the cytoplasm.

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Which of the following best describes the endoplasmic reticulum's function in a cell?

• It is primarily involved in the digestion of cellular waste.

• It acts as the storage site for DNA.

• It synthesizes and processes lipids and proteins.

• It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles.