Ecosystem Dynamics

It is easier to carry out a controlled experiment in the field than it is in the laboratory.

• True

• False

Because Earth does not get significant inputs of matter from space, its essentially fixed supply of nutrients must continually be recycled to support life.

• True

• False

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The process by which cells are able to convert glucose into usable energy using oxygen is known as photosynthesis.

• True

• False

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One challenge of laboratory research is that ____.

• too many variables are uncontrolled

• real organisms cannot be used

• observations may not reflect what actually takes place in nature

• field locations can be expensive and difficult to access

Which statement best describes the scientists’ initial observations?

• Woodrat nests had no apparent effect on cactus populations.

• Woodrats were feeding on the seeds of nearby cactus plants.

• Cactus plants were more common in proximity to woodrat nests.

• Woodrats were spreading cactus seeds and establishing new plant clusters.

• The effect of woodrats on cactus plants was different from season to season.

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If the biomass of flowers that support the butterflies was known to contain 100,000 units of energy, and certain bird species were eating the butterflies that foraged on the flowers, what amount of energy, on average, could be expected to be transferred to the birds?

• 10 units of energy

• 100 units of energy

• 1,000 units of energy

• 10,000 units of energy

• 50,000 units of energy

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About how much energy is lost with each transfer from one trophic level to the next?

• 0%

• 10%

• 35%

• 65%

• 90%

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Carbon is cycled through the biosphere via ____.

• fuel combustion and decomposition

• photosynthesis and aerobic respiration

• soil bacteria and precipitation

• volcanic activity and organic decay

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A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place is a(n) ____.

• ecosystem

• population

• community

• organism

Bacteria and fungi are typically categorized as ____.

• autotrophs

• producers

• primary consumers

• decomposers