AP Psychology Cognition

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

• mental set

• confirmation bias

• functional fixedness

• fixation

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

• overconfidence

• misinformation effect

• confirmation bias

• belief perseverance

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

• availability heuristic

• representativeness heuristic

• functional fixedness

• mental set

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood.

• fluid intelligence

• crystallized intelligence

• mental set

• amnesia

JoAnn is told that her history teacher will be mean, rule focused, and quite loud. When she arrives to class on the first day JoAnn is somewhat surprised to discover her teacher is a woman. Most likely JoAnn applied ____ in her vision of her new teacher.

• the representativeness heuristic

• overconfidence Bias

• confirmation bias

• framing effect

The mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

• A) Perception

• B) Sensation

• C) Cognition

• D) Memory

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a:

• A) Schema

• B) Concept

• C) Prototype

• D) Heuristic

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set is called:

• A) Fixation

• B) Insight

• C) Functional fixedness

• D) Mental set

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language is called a:

• A) Morpheme

• B) Phoneme

• C) Syntax

• D) Grammar

The process of retrieving information from memory storage is known as:

• A) Encoding

• B) Storage

• C) Retrieval

• D) Processing