Class Differences in Educational Achievement

According to the DfE data, how much more likely are children of higher professionals to go to university compared to children of manual workers?

• 2 times more likely

• 3 times more likely

• 5 times more likely

• 10 times more likely

What did Rosenthal and Jacobson's experiment demonstrate about teacher expectations?

• Teacher expectations have no impact on student achievement.

• Teacher expectations can lead to significant progress in students.

• Teacher expectations only affect middle-class students.

• Teacher expectations are irrelevant to student success.

According to Becker, which group of students did teachers see as closest to the 'ideal pupil' image?

• Working-class students

• Middle-class students

• Students from minority backgrounds

• Students with special educational needs

What did Dunne and Gazeley find about teachers' perceptions of underachievement?

• Teachers believe all students can overcome underachievement.

• Teachers normalise the underachievement of working-class students.

• Teachers are more concerned about the underachievement of middle-class students.

• Teachers do not differentiate between students' backgrounds.

What is the process of 'streaming' as described by Lacey?

• Grouping students by age

• Grouping students by ability

• Grouping students by gender

• Grouping students by interests

According to Woods, which response involves outright rejection of everything the school stands for?

• Ingratiation

• Ritualism

• Retreatism

• Rebellion

What concept did Bourdieu coin to describe the devaluation of working-class tastes and lifestyles?

• Symbolic capital

• Symbolic violence

• Cultural capital

• Economic capital

What did Evans find about working-class girls' attitudes towards applying to Oxbridge?

• They were eager to apply and felt they would fit in.

• They were reluctant to apply because they felt they would not fit in.

• They were indifferent about applying to Oxbridge.

• They were encouraged by their teachers to apply.

What is the term used to describe a prediction that comes true simply because it has been made?

• Labelling

• Self-fulfilling prophecy

• Streaming

• Differentiation

According to Jorgenson, how are 'ideal pupils' defined in working-class schools?

• By their academic ability and personality

• By being quiet, passive, and obedient

• By their participation in extracurricular activities

• By their leadership skills