Year 12 Bio transcription / translation and gene regulation

Define gene expression

• Gene expression is the process of converting genetic information into functional products, primarily proteins.
• Gene expression is the method of gene editing techniques.
• Gene expression refers to the physical structure of DNA.
• Gene expression is the process of DNA replication.

The first stage of Transcription

​ (a)   will bind to the ​ (b)   of the DNA chain. This will signal the ​ (c)   to bind to the ​ (d)   area on the DNA chain. This begins the first stage of ​ (e)   .

• Transcription proteins
• promoter region
• RNA polymerase
• transcription
• specific
• Translation factors
• Ribosome site
• DNA replication

Explain what happens to the DNA chain once the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region

• The DNA strands form a double helix and prevent RNA synthesis.
• The DNA strands unwind and separate, allowing RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA from the template strand.
• RNA polymerase degrades the DNA strands during binding.
• The DNA strands remain intact and do not change.

Label the diagram outling the elongation step

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

template strand

RNA polymerase

DNA chain

pre mRNA

termination sequence

Coding strand

3' end

Termination is the last stage of transcription. RNA polymerase continues transcribing down the ​ (a)   pathway on the ​ (b)   strand. ​ (c)   will stop transcribing when it reaches the ​ (d)   . This causes the RNA polymerase to ​ (e)   from the DNA chain.

• 3' to 5'
• template
• termination sequence
• detach
• RNA polymerase
• 5' to 3' pathway
• coding strand
• initiation sequence
• attach
• DNA ligase

Label this pre mRNA produced via transcription

a

b

c

d

5' cap

Exon

poly A tail

Intron

Label the diagram showing a ribosome translating a mRNA

a

b

c

d

e

f

ribosome

mRNA

Amino acid

Polypeptide chain

tRNA

Anticodon

Identify all the statements correct in regards to translation

• The start codon begins the translation process, by placing down the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain

• The stop codon DOES NOT have an associated amino acid

• The bonds that form between each amino acid (to form the polypetide chain) is a type of hydrogen bond

• tRNA can be reused after translation ends

Label this DNA chain that shows all the components to enable gene regulation

a

b

c

d

e

regulatory gene

regulatory promoter

structural promoter

structural gene

operator