Chapter 12 Review

Distinguish between major and trace minerals.

• Major minerals are required in larger amounts than trace minerals.

• Trace minerals are required in larger amounts than major minerals.

• Both are required in equal amounts.

• Neither are required in the diet.

Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active ingredient or active moiety of a mineral is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action. Which of the following factors influence mineral absorption and retention?

• The chemical form of the mineral

• Presence of other nutrients

• Age and health status of the individual

• All of the above

Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that the body needs to function properly. Which of the following statements best describes the difference between vitamins and minerals?

• Vitamins are organic compounds, while minerals are inorganic.

• Vitamins are inorganic compounds, while minerals are organic.

• Both vitamins and minerals are inorganic.

• Both vitamins and minerals are organic.

List the most important functions of each major mineral.

• Calcium: Bone health, muscle function; Iron: Oxygen transport, energy production; Magnesium: Muscle and nerve function, blood sugar control

• Calcium: Vision, immune function; Iron: Blood clotting, hormone production; Magnesium: DNA synthesis, protein metabolism

• Calcium: Digestion, skin health; Iron: Bone formation, enzyme function; Magnesium: Heart health, blood pressure regulation

• Calcium: Antioxidant activity, cell growth; Iron: Nerve signaling, muscle contraction; Magnesium: Fat metabolism, immune response

Which of the following best describes the mechanisms involved in absorption, retention, and excretion of each major mineral?

• Active transport and passive diffusion

• Osmosis and filtration

• Endocytosis and exocytosis

• Facilitated diffusion and pinocytosis

List the major food sources for each major mineral.

• Dairy products, leafy greens, and nuts

• Meat, fish, and poultry

• Fruits, vegetables, and grains

• Oils, fats, and sweets

Identify the toxicity and deficiency symptoms associated with too much or too little of each major mineral.

• Toxicity and deficiency symptoms are the same for all minerals.

• Each mineral has specific toxicity and deficiency symptoms.

• Only deficiency symptoms are associated with minerals.

• Only toxicity symptoms are associated with minerals.

Minerals play a role in developing healthy bone tissue by:

• providing structural support and strength

• regulating body temperature

• aiding in digestion

• enhancing vision

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Which of the following factors influence the risk of developing osteoporosis?

• Age and gender

• Diet and exercise

• Genetic factors

• All of the above

The role of hormones involved in the regulation of mineral metabolism is to:

• regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

• control the body's water balance

• manage blood sugar levels

• regulate oxygen transport in the blood