Unit 9 - Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Revolution

Isaac Newton’s universal law of gravitation

• was denounced by the Anglican Church as the work of the Devil.

• refuted Galileo Galilei’s theory of universal movement.

• was laughed at by Galileo, Kepler, and Copernicus.

• showed how one law could explain all motion in the universe.

How did new technology, such as the telescope, lay the foundation of the Scientific Revolution?

• by making daily life easier for ordinary people

• by establishing the first scientific laws

• by making new scientific discoveries possible

• by eliminating the need for natural philosophers

The conclusion that the Catholic Church felt threatened by the Scientific Revolution is supported by the fact that it

• began teaching that God existed in a specific place.

• ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea of the universe.

• abandoned the widely accepted Ptolemaic system of the universe.

• banned the printing and sale of books about mathematics.

Galileo’s observations seemed to indicate that

• Copernicus and Kepler were wrong in their beliefs about the moon.

• the Catholic Church’s beliefs about the heavens were correct.

• Plato was correct about the way the planets were arranged.

• the heavenly bodies were composed of material substances just like Earth, not pure orbs of light.

King Philip II of Spain strengthened control over his empire by

• promoting tolerance toward Jews.

• defeating the Dutch at Lepanto.

• withdrawing support from the Holy League.

• enforcing strict conformity to Catholicism.

In 1598, Henry IV issued the , which made Catholicism France’s official religion but gave the Huguenots the right to worship and enjoy all political privileges.

• Peace of Westphalia

• Edict of Nantes
• Test Act

• St. Bart's Day Massacre

How did the Peace of Westphalia weaken the Holy Roman Empire?

• by enforcing the acceptance of Calvinist leaders

• by recognizing the sovereignty of more than 300 states

• by creating continental laws to conduct foreign policy

• by granting German lands to Sweden and France

Why did English leaders invite the invasion of William of Orange?

• to end the line of Catholic monarchs

• to overthrow Oliver Cromwell

• to put down rural rebellions

• to separate religion and government

Which event helped establish a constitutional monarchy in England?

• Charles II converted to the Anglican Church.

• Spain and England fought a war that resulted in the expansion of English territory.

• Napoleon ascended to power in France.

• English politicians invited William of Orange to invade England.

One way Cardinal Richelieu contributed to the absolute power of the king of France was by

• preserving the legal rights of religious minorities.

• setting up a network of spies to report on foreign monarchs.

• stripping Huguenots of their political and military rights.

• signing all legal documents on behalf of the ruler.