Signal Transmission and Gene Expression

What is the primary chemical involved in the fight or flight response?

• Cortisol

• Epinephrine

• Serotonin

• Dopamine

How does epinephrine affect liver cells?

• It inhibits gene expression.

• It causes the liver to release glucose.

• It decreases glucose production.

• It reduces heart rate.

What is the role of a receptor protein in signal transduction?

• It picks up the message from epinephrine.

• It amplifies the signal.

• It stores glucose.

• It breaks down glycogen.

What is cAMP and how is it formed?

• A lipid that transports signals, formed from fatty acids.

• A molecule that activates enzymes, formed from ATP.

• A sugar that provides energy, formed from glycogen.

• A protein that stores energy, formed from glucose.

Why can't epinephrine directly enter the cell?

• It is broken down by enzymes outside the cell.

• It is too large to pass through the cell membrane.

• It is repelled by the cell's electrical charge.

• It cannot cross the lipid layer of the cell membrane.

What is the function of the transcription factor CREB?

• It inhibits glucose production.

• It activates RNA polymerase for protein synthesis.

• It breaks down glycogen into glucose.

• It transports epinephrine into the cell.

How does signal transduction lead to gene expression?

• By activating transcription factors that initiate protein synthesis.

• By directly altering DNA sequences.

• By decreasing the amount of cAMP in the cell.

• By increasing the number of receptor proteins.