Lingkungan Ekonomi Global

What major shift characterized the global economy in the late 20th century?

• Rise of protectionist policies

• Strict trade barriers by Western nations

• Reduced foreign direct investment (FDI)

• Globalization and technological integration

What has been a key driver of Asia’s economic growth since the 1980s?

• Increased isolationism in Asian economies

• Focus on subsistence farming

• Export-oriented industrialization (e.g., China, South Korea)

• The decline of manufacturing in Asia

How has the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) evolved?

• Reduced influence due to nationalism

• Shifted focus to local markets

• Expanded global supply chains and market dominance

• Avoided emerging economies

How did Japan’s post-World War II economic model influence East Asia?

• Prioritized agricultural self-sufficiency

• Avoided technological innovation

• Emphasized export-led growth and state-industry collaboration

• Relied on domestic consumption

The 2008 Global Financial Crisis highlighted the interdependence of economies. Which Asian policy helped mitigate its impact?

• Accumulation of large foreign exchange reserves (e.g., China)

• Strict currency appreciation policies

• Complete isolation from global markets

• Elimination of manufacturing sectors

Which system best describes North Korea’s economy?

• Market economy

• Command economy with state-controlled production

• Mixed economies with varying degrees of government intervention.

• Traditional economies.

Why might a multinational corporation (MNC) prefer operating in a market economy?

• Greater autonomy in pricing and resource allocation

• Guaranteed government subsidies

• No competition from local firms

• Fixed currency exchange rates

Which challenge is common in transitioning from a command to a market economy?

• Overabundance of skilled labor

• Corruption and inefficient privatization (e.g., post-Soviet states)

• Immediate GDP growth

• Elimination of all trade barriers

China’s "socialist market economy" combines:

• Pure communism and laissez-faire policies

• State-owned enterprises and private sector growth

• Agricultural dominance and no industrialization

• Total deregulation of trade

How does the World Bank classify countries, and what factors determine if a country, such as [country name], is considered high-income?

• Cultural heritage; India

• Political system; Vietnam

• GNI per capita; Singapore

• Military strength; North Korea