Understanding Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

• Atrial and Ventricular

• Resting and Contracting

• Filling and Emptying

• Diastole and Systole

Describe the structure and function of the heart's chambers.

• The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle, each serving distinct roles in blood circulation.

• The heart's chambers include the aorta, vena cava, and pulmonary artery.

• The heart consists of two chambers: atrium and ventricle.

• The heart has three chambers: left atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle.

What role do the valves play in the heart's function?

• The valves prevent backflow and ensure unidirectional blood flow in the heart.

• The valves regulate heart rate and rhythm.

• The valves increase blood pressure in the heart.

• The valves store blood for later use.

Explain the pathway of blood flow through the heart.

• right atrium → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

• left atrium → mitral valve → pulmonary artery → right ventricle

• right ventricle → tricuspid valve → right atrium → lungs

• The pathway of blood flow through the heart is: right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta.

What is the significance of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

• The SA node is involved in the digestion process.

• The SA node is responsible for oxygenating the blood.

• The SA node is crucial for initiating and regulating the heartbeat.

• The SA node controls the flow of blood to the lungs.

How does the atrioventricular (AV) node contribute to heart function?

• The AV node is responsible for oxygenating the blood.

• The AV node prevents blood from flowing between the atria and ventricles.

• The AV node generates electrical impulses independently.

• The AV node coordinates the timing of atrial and ventricular contractions.

What are the major blood vessels associated with the heart?

• Aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

• renal arteries

• jugular veins

• coronary arteries

Define cardiac output and its importance in physiology.

• Cardiac output refers to the heart's ability to contract and relax.

• Cardiac output is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries.

• Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in a week.

• Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, important for delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

What factors influence cardiac output?

• Heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, contractility

• Age, gender, physical activity level

• Cholesterol levels, blood glucose, body temperature

• Blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate heart rate?

• The autonomic nervous system has no effect on heart rate.

• Heart rate is solely controlled by the endocrine system.

• The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate by balancing the effects of the sympathetic (increases heart rate) and parasympathetic (decreases heart rate) nervous systems.

• The autonomic nervous system only increases heart rate without any balancing effect.