Course Recap Ptho May25

A 62 year old with heart failure has edema and crackles in his lungs. The nurse suspects he is in a hypervolemic state. What lab finding would the nurse expect?

• Decreased BNP

• Decreased Sodium

• Increased K+

• Elevated Troponin Levels

Answer explanation

In hypervolemia, sodium levels can decrease due to dilutional effects. This is often seen in heart failure patients, making 'Decreased Sodium' the expected lab finding, while other options are less relevant.

What are complications of immobility? (Select all that apply)

• Urinary Tract Infections

• Clot Formation

• Atelectasis

• Osteoarthritis

Answer explanation

Complications of immobility include urinary tract infections due to stagnant urine, clot formation from reduced circulation, and atelectasis from shallow breathing. Osteoarthritis is not directly caused by immobility.

What is a cause of osteoarthritis?

• Infection

• Autoimmune disorder

• Excessive wear and tear

• Spinal cord injury

Answer explanation

Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by excessive wear and tear on the joints over time, leading to the breakdown of cartilage. This distinguishes it from conditions like infections or autoimmune disorders.

What occurs in prolonged stress?

• Increased immunity

• Decreased BP

• Vasoconstriction

• Vasocilation

Answer explanation

Prolonged stress triggers the body's fight-or-flight response, leading to vasoconstriction, which narrows blood vessels. This can increase blood pressure and redirect blood flow to essential organs, unlike increased immunity or vasodilation.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What is a cause of edema?

• Increased capillary osmotic pressure

• Increased capillary permiability

• Decreased capillary permeability

• decreased capillary hydro-static pressure

Answer explanation

Increased capillary permeability allows more fluid to escape from the blood vessels into surrounding tissues, leading to edema. The other options do not contribute to fluid accumulation in the same way.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Which cause of edema is seen in patients with cirrhosis?

• Low pressure in the portal veins

• Increased production of plasma proteins

• Increased production of bilirubin

• Decrease production of plasma proteins (albumin)

Answer explanation

In cirrhosis, the liver's ability to produce albumin decreases, leading to lower plasma protein levels. This reduction in albumin causes fluid to leak into tissues, resulting in edema.

After gardening a patient presents to the ED with a rash on their right leg that is suspected to be from poison oak. What type of hypersensitivity are they experiencing?

• Environment

• Type 1

• Type 4

• Skin

Answer explanation

The rash from poison oak is due to a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, specifically Type 4 hypersensitivity. This involves T-cell mediated responses, unlike Type 1 which is immediate and antibody-mediated.

Which disorders are X-linked (select all that apply)

• Hemophilia A

• Clubfoot

• Type II Diabetes

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

• Cleft Lip/palate

Answer explanation

Hemophilia A and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are X-linked disorders caused by mutations on the X chromosome, affecting males predominantly. Clubfoot, Type II Diabetes, and Cleft Lip/palate are not X-linked.

What are triggers for autonomic dysreflexia? (Select all that apply)

• Full distended bladder

• Tight clothing

• Constipation

• Pressure Ulcer

Answer explanation

All listed options can trigger autonomic dysreflexia. A full distended bladder, tight clothing, constipation, and pressure ulcers can all lead to this condition, making them important to recognize and manage.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What is an early sign of increased ICP?

• Bilateral dilated pupils

• Decreasing level of consciousness

• Constipation

• Hypertension

Answer explanation

An early sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a decreasing level of consciousness. This indicates that the brain is being affected, while bilateral dilated pupils and hypertension are more advanced signs.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3