ECHO MIDTERM PART II

What is aortic stenosis?

• Narrowing/thickening/obstruction of AOV that impedes systolic flow

• Enlargement of the left ventricle

• Inflammation of the aorta

• Blockage of the pulmonary artery

Where is the murmur associated with aortic stenosis best heard?

• Left lower sternal border

• Right upper sternal border

• Apex of the heart

• Left upper sternal border

What type of murmur is associated with aortic stenosis?

• Diastolic crescendo decrescendo murmur

• Systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur

• Continuous murmur

• Holosystolic murmur

To which area may the murmur of aortic stenosis radiate?

• To the lungs

• To the carotids

• To the abdomen

• To the legs

What is a characteristic feature of bicuspid aortic stenosis (AS) observed in a 2D echo?

• Thickened, football-shaped opening with possible systolic & diastolic doming of cusps

• Circular opening with no doming of cusps

• Triangular opening with systolic doming only

• Square opening with diastolic doming only

What is the term used to describe the ridge or seam found in bicuspid aortic stenosis?

• Raphe

• Ridge

• Seam

• Fold

What imaging techniques are considered ideal for AVA by planimetry?

• MRI or CT

• TEE or 3DE

• X-ray or Ultrasound

• PET or SPECT

At what point in the cardiac cycle is planimetry performed for AVA?

• Late diastole

• Early systole

• Mid diastole

• Late systole

What does the term "eccentric closure line" refer to in the context of BICUSPID AS?

• A central closure line

• A misaligned closure line

• A symmetrical closure line

• An open closure line

What do the arrows in the ultrasound images reveal?

• Normal valve function

• Eccentric closure line and decreased ACS

• Increased ACS

• Symmetrical closure line