Immunology of nephrotic syndrome

Which immune cell type is primarily implicated in the pathogenesis of Minimal Change Disease (MCD)?

• A) B cells
  

• B) T cells
  

• C) Neutrophils
  

• D) Macrophages

What cytokine is overproduced in children with Minimal Change Disease?

• A) IL-1
  

• B) IL-6
  

• C) IL-13
  

• D) TNF-α

Which complement component is most involved in podocyte damage in membranous nephropathy?

• A) C1q
  

• B) C3
  

• C) C4b2a
  

• D) C5b-9

Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (Anti-PLA2R) antibodies

are associated with which nephrotic syndrome?

• A) Minimal Change Disease
  

• B) Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
  

• C) Membranous Nephropathy
  

• D) IgA Nephropathy

What is the main hypersensitivity reaction driving immune complex deposition in nephrotic syndrome?

• A) Type I (IgE-mediated)
  

• B) Type II (Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity)
  

• C) Type III (Immune complex-mediated)
  

• D) Type IV (T-cell mediated)

Which of the following is a secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome due to immune dysfunction?

• A) Diabetes mellitus
  

• B) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
  

• C) Amyloidosis
  

• D) Toxemia of pregnancy

In diabetic nephropathy, what immune mechanism contributes to kidney damage?

• A) Direct podocyte toxicity
  

• B) Activation of the lectin complement pathway
  

• C) Type I hypersensitivity reaction
  

• D) Increased regulatory T-cell activity

What immune marker is commonly seen in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)?

• A) IgG and C1q
  

• B) IgM and C3
  

• C) IgA and C5
  

• D) IgE and histamine