Memory and Encoding Concepts

engram

• physical trace of memory

• the process of forgetting

• a type of neural network

• the act of recalling information

effortful processing

• encoding of information that takes effort and attention

• automatic encoding of information without conscious effort

• the process of forgetting information over time

• the ability to recall information without any cues

anterograde amnesia

• loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

• inability to recall past events before the trauma

• temporary loss of memory due to stress

• complete loss of all memories

suggestibility

• effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

• the ability to recall information accurately without external influence

• the process of forgetting information over time

• the tendency to believe in supernatural explanations for events

retroactive interference

• information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

• older information hinders the recall of more recent information

• information is recalled more easily when it is learned in a similar context

• information is forgotten due to lack of use over time

flashbulb memory

• a vivid and detailed memory of a significant event

• a type of memory that fades quickly

• a memory that is often distorted over time

• a memory that is easily forgotten

equipotentiality hypothesis

• some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

• the brain's ability to grow new neurons in response to learning

• the theory that memory is stored in a single location in the brain

• the idea that all memories are equally accessible at all times

levels of processing

• Information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory.

• Information that is memorized through repetition is more effective.

• Information that is visualized is always remembered better.

• Information that is written down is less likely to be forgotten.

false memory syndrome

• recall of false autobiographical memories

• inability to remember past events

• creation of fictional memories

• distortion of true memories

amnesia

• loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

• a temporary inability to recall recent events

• a condition characterized by excessive memory retention

• a cognitive disorder affecting language skills