Which of the following best describes the difference between cis-acting and trans-acting elements in gene regulation?

• Cis-acting elements affect only genes on the same DNA molecule, while trans-acting elements produce factors that can regulate genes on different DNA molecules.
• Trans-acting elements are always dominant over cis-acting in general regulation.
• Cis-acting elements encode proteins that regulate multiple genes, while trans-acting elements are DNA sequences that control nearby genes.
• Cis-acting elements are found in prokaryotes, while trans-acting elements are found only in eukaryotes.
• None of the above options are correct.

Which change causes a transition mutation

• A. DNA strand slippage
• B. Wobble
• C. Depurination
• D. Oxidative radicals
• E. none of the above

Which of the following best describes a hypomorphic mutation?

• A) A mutation that results in a complete loss of gene function.
• B) A mutation that enhances the normal function of a gene.
• C) A mutation that causes partial loss of gene function but still allows some activity.
• D) A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, leading to a nonfunctional protein.
• E) A mutation that produces a protein with a completely new function.

Using advanced genetic technology, you have created the genotypes below in Drosophila. NRE- refers to a deletion of the nanos regulatory element (NRE) in the hunchback (hb) gene. Which genotypes would have an abdomen due to lack of Hunchback expression? Genotype Phenotype nanos^lf / nanos^lf hb^+ NRE^- / hb^lf NRE^+ __X__ nanos^+ / nanos^lf hb^+ NRE^- / hb^+ NRE^- __Y__

• X has abdomen, Y has no abdomen
• X has no abdomen, Y has no abdomen
• X has no abdomen, Y has abdomen
• X has abdomen, Y has abdomen
• None of above

The first image is the wild type chromosome with 4 insertions of a transposable element. The image below is a variant chromosome resulting from intrachromosomal homologous recombination. Fill in the blanks of this statement using options below: Transposon _ is in ___ orientation relative to transposon

• 2: direct
• 2: inverse
• 3: direct
• 3: forwards
• 4: reverse

I+ Oc Z+ / I- O+ Z- What is the associated pentoypes (note glucose first then lactose)

• y, y
• n,n
• n,y
• y,n
• unsure