READING 2

The word "they" in paragraph 1 refers to _______.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are revolutionizing medicine, especially in areas like disease diagnosis and surgical procedures. Robotic surgical systems, like the da Vinci Surgical System, assist human surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgeries, offering precision and efficiency. While AI-powered robots can process vast amounts of data and learn from previous surgeries, the key question is whether they can fully replace human surgeons. Al's potential lies in its ability to navigate surgeries with remarkable precision, reducing human error, fatigue, and emotional influence, which results in quicker recovery and improved patient outcomes.

• AI-powered robots

• previous surgeries

• human surgeons

• surgical systems

Al-powered robots can also help address the shortage of experienced surgeons and improve healthcare availability. Although implementing robotic systems is costly, their long-term benefits, including fewer surgeries and reduced healthcare costs, may ultimately make them more cost-effective. However, significant challenges remain. One of the main concerns is the human element in surgery. Patients rely on their surgeons for empathy, clear communication, and comfort, which Al robots currently cannot provide. There are also legal questions surrounding responsibility in case of complications during surgery- whether it should fall on the surgeon, AI developers, or the hospital.

The word "address" in paragraph 2 is CLOSEST in meaning to ______.

• solve

• encourage

• delay

• ignore

Additionally, AI systems depend on high-quality, unbiased data to make accurate decisions. If the data used for training is flawed, it could lead to safety risks. There are also concerns about cybersecurity, as AIpowered robots connected to networks could be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Moreover, the high upfront costs of robotic systems may limit their availability to certain medical facilities, deepening healthcare disparities

The word "flawed" in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _______.

• perfect

• defective

• inaccurate

• dangerous

Al-powered robots can also help address the shortage of experienced surgeons and improve healthcare availability. Although implementing robotic systems is costly, their long-term benefits, including fewer surgeries and reduced healthcare costs, may ultimately make them more cost-effective. However, significant challenges remain. One of the main concerns is the human element in surgery. Patients rely on their surgeons for empathy, clear communication, and comfort, which Al robots currently cannot provide. There are also legal questions surrounding responsibility in case of complications during surgery- whether it should fall on the surgeon, AI developers, or the hospital.

Additionally, AI systems depend on high-quality, unbiased data to make accurate decisions. If the data used for training is flawed, it could lead to safety risks. There are also concerns about cybersecurity, as AIpowered robots connected to networks could be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Moreover, the high upfront costs of robotic systems may limit their availability to certain medical facilities, deepening healthcare disparities.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a concern regarding AI-powered robots in surgery?

• The lack of human empathy and communication skills in AI robots

• Legal responsibility for complications

• The high upfront cost of implementing robotic systems

• The difficulty of programming AI robots for complex surgeries

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are revolutionizing medicine, especially in areas like disease diagnosis and surgical procedures. Robotic surgical systems, like the da Vinci Surgical System, assist human surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgeries, offering precision and efficiency. While AI-powered robots can process vast amounts of data and learn from previous surgeries, the key question is whether they can fully replace human surgeons. Al's potential lies in its ability to navigate surgeries with remarkable precision, reducing human error, fatigue, and emotional influence, which results in quicker recovery and improved patient outcomes.

Al-powered robots can also help address the shortage of experienced surgeons and improve healthcare availability. Although implementing robotic systems is costly, their long-term benefits, including fewer surgeries and reduced healthcare costs, may ultimately make them more cost-effective. However, significant challenges remain. One of the main concerns is the human element in surgery. Patients rely on their surgeons for empathy, clear communication, and comfort, which Al robots currently cannot provide. There are also legal questions surrounding responsibility in case of complications during surgery- whether it should fall on the surgeon, AI developers, or the hospital.

Additionally, AI systems depend on high-quality, unbiased data to make accurate decisions. If the data used for training is flawed, it could lead to safety risks. There are also concerns about cybersecurity, as AIpowered robots connected to networks could be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Moreover, the high upfront costs of robotic systems may limit their availability to certain medical facilities, deepening healthcare disparities.

Despite these challenges, many experts believe AI and robotics will complement rather than replace surgeons. Al can assist by providing guidance during surgeries, performing repetitive tasks, and improving accuracy, allowing human surgeons to focus on more complex aspects. The future of surgery may involve a collaborative approach, where AI and human surgeons work together, combining Al's precision with human empathy and judgment. Balancing the benefits of AI with the ethical and emotional complexities it presents will be crucial in shaping the future of healthcare.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

• AI-powered robots can entirely replace human surgeons, eliminating the need for human intervention in surgeries.

• The implementation of AI in surgery is considered cost-effective by all healthcare providers, regardless of facility size.

• Despite the high cost, AI-powered robotic systems may lead to long-term savings by reducing the number of surgeries and overall healthcare expenses.

• Depending on high-quality, unbiased data to make accurate decisions, AI-powered robots are subject to cyber-attacks.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Balancing the benefits of AI with the ethical and emotional complexities it presents will be crucial in shaping the future of healthcare.

• It will be essential to weigh the benefits of AI against the medical and physical issues it raises to shape the future of healthcare effectively.

• Striking a balance between the advantages of AI and the ethical and emotional challenges it brings will play a key role in determining the future of healthcare.

• The future of healthcare is independent of managing both the positive aspects of AI and the ethical and emotional dilemmas it introduces.

• Reconciling AI’s benefits with the ethical and emotional concerns it entails has little effects on shaping healthcare’s future.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are revolutionizing medicine, especially in areas like disease diagnosis and surgical procedures. Robotic surgical systems, like the da Vinci Surgical System, assist human surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgeries, offering precision and efficiency. While AI-powered robots can process vast amounts of data and learn from previous surgeries, the key question is whether they can fully replace human surgeons. Al's potential lies in its ability to navigate surgeries with remarkable precision, reducing human error, fatigue, and emotional influence, which results in quicker recovery and improved patient outcomes.

Al-powered robots can also help address the shortage of experienced surgeons and improve healthcare availability. Although implementing robotic systems is costly, their long-term benefits, including fewer surgeries and reduced healthcare costs, may ultimately make them more cost-effective. However, significant challenges remain. One of the main concerns is the human element in surgery. Patients rely on their surgeons for empathy, clear communication, and comfort, which Al robots currently cannot provide. There are also legal questions surrounding responsibility in case of complications during surgery- whether it should fall on the surgeon, AI developers, or the hospital.

Additionally, AI systems depend on high-quality, unbiased data to make accurate decisions. If the data used for training is flawed, it could lead to safety risks. There are also concerns about cybersecurity, as AIpowered robots connected to networks could be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Moreover, the high upfront costs of robotic systems may limit their availability to certain medical facilities, deepening healthcare disparities.

Despite these challenges, many experts believe AI and robotics will complement rather than replace surgeons. Al can assist by providing guidance during surgeries, performing repetitive tasks, and improving accuracy, allowing human surgeons to focus on more complex aspects. The future of surgery may involve a collaborative approach, where AI and human surgeons work together, combining Al's precision with human empathy and judgment. Balancing the benefits of AI with the ethical and emotional complexities it presents will be crucial in shaping the future of healthcare.

In which paragraph does the writer discuss the potential benefits of AI-powered robotic systems in addressing the shortage of surgeons and improving healthcare services?

• Paragraph 1

• Paragraph 2

• Paragraph 3

• Paragraph 4

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are revolutionizing medicine, especially in areas like disease diagnosis and surgical procedures. Robotic surgical systems, like the da Vinci Surgical System, assist human surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgeries, offering precision and efficiency. While AI-powered robots can process vast amounts of data and learn from previous surgeries, the key question is whether they can fully replace human surgeons. Al's potential lies in its ability to navigate surgeries with remarkable precision, reducing human error, fatigue, and emotional influence, which results in quicker recovery and improved patient outcomes.

Al-powered robots can also help address the shortage of experienced surgeons and improve healthcare availability. Although implementing robotic systems is costly, their long-term benefits, including fewer surgeries and reduced healthcare costs, may ultimately make them more cost-effective. However, significant challenges remain. One of the main concerns is the human element in surgery. Patients rely on their surgeons for empathy, clear communication, and comfort, which Al robots currently cannot provide. There are also legal questions surrounding responsibility in case of complications during surgery- whether it should fall on the surgeon, AI developers, or the hospital.

Additionally, AI systems depend on high-quality, unbiased data to make accurate decisions. If the data used for training is flawed, it could lead to safety risks. There are also concerns about cybersecurity, as AIpowered robots connected to networks could be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Moreover, the high upfront costs of robotic systems may limit their availability to certain medical facilities, deepening healthcare disparities.

Despite these challenges, many experts believe AI and robotics will complement rather than replace surgeons. Al can assist by providing guidance during surgeries, performing repetitive tasks, and improving accuracy, allowing human surgeons to focus on more complex aspects. The future of surgery may involve a collaborative approach, where AI and human surgeons work together, combining Al's precision with human empathy and judgment. Balancing the benefits of AI with the ethical and emotional complexities it presents will be crucial in shaping the future of healthcare.

In which paragraph does the writer explore the potential for collaboration between AI and human surgeons, highlighting the complementary roles they could play in the future of surgery?

• Paragraph 1

• Paragraph 2

• Paragraph 3

• Paragraph 4