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The heliocentric theory is the idea that

• all heavenly objects circle Earth.
• Earth is too heavy to move.
• the sun is at the center of the solar system.
• the moon is held in orbit by the force of gravity.

The scientific method involves

• discovering natural laws that govern the universe.
• applying general principles to scientific problems.
• relying on authority to explain scientific ideas.
• using observation, experiments, and careful reasoning.

One of Isaac Newton's most important scientific contributions was

• discovering the laws of planetary motion.
• suggesting that gravity kept the moon in its orbit.
• creating the scientific method.
• inventing the telescope.

What did Francis Bacon believe scientists should rely on to explain the laws of nature?

• Greek learning
• Church teachings
• mathematics
• inductive reasoning

What is the first step in the scientific method?

• experiment
• form a hypothesis
• identify a problem
• gather information

The theory of gravity, which helps explain the movement of the planets, was developed by the scientist

• Copernicus
• Galileo
• Kepler
• Newton

The astronomer Copernicus challenged traditional beliefs by suggesting that

• the Earth moves around the sun.
• the heliocentric theory was wrong.
• gravity controls the motions of the planets.
• the moon revolves around the Earth.

Francis Bacon's contribution to the development of the scientific method was

• rediscovering the writings of ancient astronomers.
• using specific facts to make general rules.
• inventing new tools to make discoveries.
• drawing hypotheses base on mechanical law

Why did Henry VIII come into conflict with the pope?

• Henry wanted England to become a Protestant nation.
• Henry wanted to remove the pope as the head of the Church.
• The pope refused to annul Henry's marriage and allow him to remarry.
• The pope was angry about England's defeat of the Spanish Armada.

What did the Peace of Augsburg accomplish?

• It set up the Spanish Inquisition to root out heresy.
• It ended the Thirty Year's War.
• It granted the Netherlands independence from Spain.
• It allowed German rulers to choose the religion of their states.