Biology 1st Semester Vocab

Alcoholic fermentation

• Used by yeast; produces alcohol and CO₂.

• Occurs in the presence of oxygen.

• Is a process used by plants to produce glucose.

• Involves the breakdown of proteins.

Ribosome

• The site of protein synthesis.

• A structure that stores genetic information.

• An organelle responsible for energy production.

• A component of the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm

• The fluid inside a cell where organelles are suspended.

• The outer membrane of a cell that protects it.

• The part of the cell responsible for energy production.

• The genetic material found within the nucleus.

Lysosome

• Contains enzymes to break down waste.

• Stores genetic information.

• Produces energy for the cell.

• Transports materials within the cell.

Facilitated diffusion

• Transport of molecules through membrane proteins.

• Active transport of ions against their concentration gradient.

• Simple diffusion of small nonpolar molecules.

• Endocytosis of large particles into the cell.

Genotype

• The genetic makeup of an organism.

• The physical appearance of an organism.

• The environmental influence on an organism.

• The evolutionary history of an organism.

Selective permeability

• Allows only certain substances to pass through.

• Allows all substances to pass through freely.

• Prevents any substances from passing through.

• Allows only large molecules to pass through.

Mitochondrial matrix

• The site of the Krebs cycle.

• The location of glycolysis.

• The area where photosynthesis occurs.

• The site of protein synthesis.

RuBisCO

• An enzyme that breaks down glucose.

• The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide.

• A protein that transports oxygen in the blood.

• A catalyst for photosynthesis.

Allele

• A version of a gene.

• A type of chromosome.

• A genetic mutation.

• A form of RNA.