REVIEW Chapter 9

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment with the dog?

• The tuning fork
• The sight or smell of food
• The conditioned response
• The conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

• Taking away an aversive stimulus
• Providing a desirable stimulus
• Punishing a behavior
• Ignoring a behavior

According to Martin Seligman, what are the elements of learned helplessness?

• Stability, globality, and internality
• Stability, locality, and internality
• Stability, globality, and externality
• Stability, locality, and externality

What is modeling?

• Learning through mental processes
• Learning by observing and imitating others
• Learning through rewards and punishments
• Learning through trial and error

What did the experiment with Little Albert and the rats demonstrate?

• The acquisition of a conditioned response
• The extinction of a conditioned response
• The development of a taste aversion
• The conditioning of emotional responses

What is classical conditioning?

• Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished
• A process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
• A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus
• A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

• A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
• An event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training
• An organism’s automatic/natural reaction to a stimulus
• A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

• A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
• An event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training
• An organism’s automatic/natural reaction to a stimulus
• A learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS)

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

• Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
• The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
• The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response (CR)
• When the conditioned response (CR) reappears after a period of extinction

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

• Learning the response to a conditioned stimulus (CS)
• The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
• The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response (CR)
• When the conditioned response (CR) reappears after a period of extinction