chapter 10 FINAL (woods questions)

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

“The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal.”

Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?

• Britain’s founding of Australia followed God’s command to convert non-Whites

• Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.

• All peoples of the world have the right to determine their own government.

• Nations go to war with each other mainly to gain precious metals.

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

“The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal.”

Pearson’s argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies?

• Mercantilism

• Free-market capitalism

• Marxism

• Social Darwinism

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

“The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal.”

The founding of “the Australian nation,” as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?

• European states’ establishment of settler colonies

• European companies’ establishment of overseas trading posts

• The creation of mercantilist empires to extract natural resources

• Japan’s creation of its own empire in Asia

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

“The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal.”

In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following?

• Efforts by European missionaries to convert non-Europeans to Christianity for their spiritual salvation

• The creation of industrialized economies in Europe

• European states’ competition to acquire overseas colonies

• The abolitionist movement to end slavery

The British ownership of most of Argentina’s main railway lines can best be described as an example of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments?

• Gunboat diplomacy

• Social Darwinism

• Economic imperialism

• The Great Game

The freight transported on the railways to the ports of Buenos Aires and La Plata most likely consisted largely of

• Brazilian coffee and rubber for export to Great Britain and Europe

• British and European industrial imports arriving in Argentina via Chile

• Argentinian precision machinery for export to Great Britain and Europe

• Argentinian meat and raw materials for export to Great Britain and Europe

The railway network shown on the map most likely contributed to the large-scale migration of which of the following groups in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

• Spanish peninsulares fleeing back to Spain

• European settlers choosing freely to emigrate from Europe

• Argentinian indentured servants looking for work in East Asia

• Enslaved persons arriving from Africa

The author’s political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage

• attributes historical events to divine intervention

• disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism

• neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations

• omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why

• nationalist movements against imperial rule often sought to bridge ethnic and religious differences by appealing to popular Enlightenment ideals

• syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies

• settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies

• social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti’s lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?

• Imperial states often granted preference to religious groups that they felt were less of a threat to their power.

• Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

• Religious differences in colonial societies often led to communal violence.

• Imperial governments often consulted local religious leaders before issuing important decrees.