AP Biology Semester 1 Final Review Day 1

​ ​ ​ (a)   covalent bonds are shared​ (b)   and​ (c)   covalent bonds are shared ​ (d)   .

• nonpolar
• equally
• polar
• unequally
• ionic
• randomly

Humans produce sweat as a cooling mechanism to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the properties of water contribute to this physiological process?

• The high specific heat capacity of water allows the body to absorb a large amount of excess heat energy.

• The high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from liquid to gas.

• The high surface tension of water contributes to the physical process by which water leaves the body.

• The high melting temperature of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from solid to liquid.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Label the types of bonds present in the image.

a

b

Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

ionic bond

Which of the following best explains how water is able to move upward from the roots of a plant, through its xylem in the stem, and out to the leaves?

• Water is polar, and the walls of the xylem are nonpolar. Water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another but not with the xylem walls.

• Water is nonpolar, and the walls of the xylem are polar. Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with the xylem walls, and they are pulled up the xylem.

• Water and the xylem are both nonpolar. Water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another but not with the xylem walls.

• Water and the xylem are both polar. Water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with the walls of the xylem.

Properties of Water

• Temperature Moderation

• • Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered” forming a hexagonal shape (a lattice) with a hole in the middle, making ice less dense.

• Expands Upon Freezing

• Water can easily dissolve other substances.

• Cohesion

• when water molecules are hydrogen bonded to other water molecules

• Versatility as a Solvent

• water molecules stick to some other type of substance

• Adhesion

• It takes A LOT of energy to break all of the hydrogen bonds and cause water to evaporate into steam.

Tags

NGSS.HS-ESS2-5

Based on Figure 1, which of the following best describes how the properties of water at an air-water interface enable an insect to walk on the water's surface?

• Covalent bonds between water molecules and the air above provide cohesion, which causes tiny bubbles to form under the feet of the insect.

• Ionic bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide an electric charge, which attracts the feet of the insect, keeping it on the surface.

• Polar covalent bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide adhesion, which supports the weight of the insect.

• Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.

Name the functional groups in this ATP molecule.

a

b

c

phosphate

methyl

hydroxyl

carbonyl

carboxyl

amino

sulfhydryl

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

• Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable

• Hydrolysis creates polymers by adding water, and dehydration reactions break down polymers by taking away water

• Dehydration reactions assemble polymers by taking away water, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers by adding water

• Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers

Match the following information to the correct biomolecule.

Groups:

(a) Carbohydrate

,

(b) Lipid

,

(c) Protein

,

(d) Nucleic Acid

• Ex - starch, glucose, sucrose

• Structure - hexagonal ring

• Ex - fats, waxes, triglycerides

• Main function - main energy storage

• Main function - enzymes, messengers, structural support, etc.

• polymer - nucleic acids

• Structure - 1:2 ratio of C and H in long chains

• Ex - DNA, RNA

• polymer - polypeptides

• monomer - glycerol

• monomer - nucleotides

• Main function - store, transmit, adn express hereditary information

• polymer - polysaccharides

• Ex - keratin, hemoglobin, casein,

• Structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

• monomer - amino acids

• Structure - phospate, base, sugar

• polymer - lipids

• Main function - long term energy storage

• monomer - monosaccharides

Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?

• The number of amino acids determines the tertiary structure of the protein.

• The interactions of the different R -groups with other R -groups

• The the last amino acid that is added to a growing polypeptide chain determines the next amino acid that is added to the chain.

• The sequence of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain determines its tertiary structure