Research Method (2)

Having two observers' work compared is a way to measure

• validity

• inter-observer reliability

• inter-rater reliability

• generalisability

To improve validity, researchers must aim to minimize ...

• independent variables

• dependent variables

• extraneous variables

Identify factors that may compromise validity.

• subjectivity

• objectivity

• demand characteristics

• control over variables

In the study by Perry et al, deception was deemed justified, albeit still unethical. Two reasons for this are ...

• Researchers managed to keep all data anonymous and private

• Little chance of mental or physical harms resulted from deception

• Researchers have the right to deceive participants as long as they apologize

• Otherwise,participants will not behave naturally

The first question in the study by Dement & Kleitman was investigated using a particular experimental design which may compromise the validity of the research by ...

• ceiling effect

• practice effect

• fatigue effect

• participant's extraneous variables

Likert scale in the study by Holzel et al, is an example of ...

• closed question

• open question

• structured interview

• unstructured interview

Observations like one in the study by Fagen et al., may contain observer's ...

• subjectivity

• demand characteristics

• social desirability bias

• fatigue effect

In the study by Bandura et al., observations were done in several manners (choose 3):

• controlled

• overt

• covert

• unstructured

• structured

The dependent variables of the study by Holzel et al were operationalized as ...

• whether participants received MBSR or not

• grey matter concentration

• FFMQ score

• former experience with meditation training

Identify three ways dependent variable was operationalized in the study by Hassett et al.

• Using tail to grab a toy

• Seated on the toy or a part of the toy

• Brief contact using hands or fingers

• Moving, twisting or turning a part