Second Exam - 1075

What is culture?

• The technological advancements and innovations of a country

• The physical environment and climate of a region

• The shared knowledge, beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people

• The economic activities and industries that dominate a society, including agriculture, manufacturing, and services

Research indicates that the achievement gap between ethnic groups is influenced by a combination of school-related factors (such as school quality, teacher expectations, and curriculum) and outside-of-school factors (such as socioeconomic status, family environment, and community resources).

• True

• False

How does prejudice differ from discrimination?

• Prejudice is an action, while discrimination is a belief or attitude

• Prejudice is a belief or attitude, while discrimination is an action based on that belief

• Prejudice is always positive, while discrimination is always negative

• Prejudice is legal, while discrimination is illegal

According to research evidence, which of the following statements about gender differences is TRUE?

• Females are more likely than males to initiate comments in college classes.

• Gender differences in social and cognitive abilities are large.

• Public school teachers tend to interact more with boys than with girls.

• Textbooks today tend to be free of gender stereotypes.

The prevailing view regarding the use of learning preferences research for identifying ethnic group differences is that such information

• has very little validity and, therefore, should be ignored by teachers.

• is both highly valid and valuable and should be recognized by teachers.

• needs to be considered cautiously as it may promote stereotyping.

• promotes the idea that ethnic groups in the U.S. are more similar than different.

A company wants to sell a new product. The advertisers know that when people see a celebrity, they feel positive emotions. Then, the company records a commercial where a celebrity uses their new product. Their goal is that, after watching this commercial several times, people will begin to feel positive emotions just by seeing their new product.

• Neutral Stimulus (NS) is the product

• Neutral Stimulus (NS) is the celebrity

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is the positive emotion

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is the celebrity

What is the main difference between Operant and Classical conditioning?

• Operant conditioning involves learning through association, while classical conditioning involves learning through consequences

• Classical conditioning involves rewards and punishments, while operant conditioning involves association between stimuli

• Operant conditioning involves involuntary behaviors, while classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors

• Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors, while classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

• A teacher gives extra homework to students who talk during class

• A parent removes TV privileges for a week as a consequence for lying

• A manager gives a bonus to employees who meet their targets

• A coach stops yelling at players when they start performing well

Which reinforcement schedule is most appropriate to encourage persistence in behavior?

• Continuous

• Fixed-interval

• Variable-ratio

• Fixed-ratio

Which of the following best describes the principle of contiguity?

• Learning by associating 2 events through repeated pairing

• Learning occurs through rewards and punishments

• Learning occurs through trial and error

• Learning occurs through observation and imitation