Sociology Chapter 4 Test Bank Questions

_____ refers to how repeated actions become embedded into social norms over time.

• Structuralization

• Institutionalization

• Habitualization

• Rationalization

____ societies thrived on advanced tools and farming techniques, including irrigation and crop rotation, to sustain larger populations.

• Industrial

• Horticultural

• Agricultural

• Pastoral

Which of the following best illustrates a self-fulfilling prophecy?

• Despite excelling in science, Jamie believes he is bad at math because his peers say so, so he avoids studying and fails his math test.

• Maria studies extensively for a competitive exam and scores well, earning a scholarship.

• Damien believes he can pass his driving test easily, so he over-prepares and succeeds.

• Ava practices piano every day and wins a music competition due to her dedication.

Which is the correct chronological order of societal development?

• Horticultural → Pastoral → Hunter-gatherer → Agricultural

• Pastoral → Agricultural → Industrial → Hunter-gatherer

• Hunter-gatherer → Pastoral → Horticultural → Agricultural

• Agricultural → Horticultural → Hunter-gatherer → Industrial

A young boy is expected to take over his family’s cattle farm because his father and grandfather did the same. This is an example of:

• Achieved status

• Ascribed status

• Role conflict

• Institutionalized labor

A firefighter struggles to balance the demands of his job and his responsibility as a single father. He is experiencing:

• Role conflict

• Ascribed status

• Achieved status

• Status symbol

Émile Durkheim compared society to an organism, suggesting that:

• Every part of society plays a critical role in maintaining stability.

• Societal change happens only through conflict.

• Economic struggle is the only driver of social development.

• Social classes do not influence economic power.

After hearing classmates call her “nerdy,” Hannah starts wearing glasses and studying extra hard. This demonstrates:

• Role performance

• Labeling theory

• Self-fulfilling prophecy

• Role conflict

Alienation is best described as:

• A condition in which individuals feel disconnected from their work, society, or sense of self.

• A process in which workers are given more control over their labor.

• A necessary component of social integration.

• A feeling of personal fulfillment in a work setting.

Which of the following is NOT one of Karl Marx’s four types of alienation?

• Alienation from one's labor

• Alienation from religion

• Alienation from others

• Alienation from oneself