Genetic and Neural Explanations

What is the concordance rate for offending in monozygotic (MZ) twins according to Christiansen?

• 12%

• 33%

• 50%

• 24.5%

According to Crowe, what is the risk percentage of adoptees having a criminal record if their biological mother had offended?

• 10%

• 33%

• 50%

• 24.5%

Which gene variants account for 5-10% of violent crime according to Tihonen et al.?

• MAOA and CDH13

• MZ and DZ

• APD and PFC

• Kandel and Freed

What does the diathesis-stress model suggest about genes?

• They are only influenced by biological factors.

• They are triggered by social or psychological stressors.

• They are not influenced by the environment.

• They are only influenced by genetic factors.

What is a key issue with twin evidence in genetic studies?

• DZs are treated more similarly than MZs.

• MZs are treated more similarly than DZs.

• Both MZs and DZs are treated equally.

• MZs and DZs have no concordance.

What does the evaluation of the diathesis-stress model suggest about adoptees with no biological or adoptive convicted parent?

• 5% conviction rate

• 13.5% conviction rate

• 24.5% conviction rate

• 50% conviction rate

What is the percentage of grey matter loss in the prefrontal cortex of people with APD according to Raine et al.?

• 5%

• 11%

• 15%

• 20%

What is the role of mirror neurons when offenders are asked to empathize?

• Increase in aggression

• Decrease in empathy

• Empathy reaction

• No change in behavior

What is linked to impaired frontal lobe functioning according to Kandel and Freed?

• Increased empathy

• Impulsive behavior

• Decreased aggression

• Improved learning

What do intervening variables suggest about criminal parents and early neglect?

• They have no effect on APD.

• They only affect biological factors.

• They affect both APD and neural differences.

• They only affect environmental factors.